Public Finance as the study of income Essay

Public FinanceIntroductionAccording to Hyman, 2010, the term public finance is defined as the study of how the government through rationing the use of government goods and services and funding their resource costs affects price incentives, production possibilities, and resource utilization. In the case, the author implies that the public finance sector is wholly identified as government related, and the private sector has very little influence on its activities. Chand, 2008, defines public finance as the study of income, debt, and expenditure of the government. He then goes ahead and gives the main difference with the term private investment; that unlike focusing on the government, private funding is for an individual or institution. The study of public finance also incorporates the analysis of the various fiscal and economic policies that the government comes up with to deal with the debts taken. Therefore, the definitions by Hyman, 2010, and Chand, 2008, are in harmony with each other. In Bhatia, 2009, Public Finance is defined as the subject that discusses financial operations of the government treasury. Bhatia, 2009, offers a comprehensive definition of the term public finance by first explaining the concept of public and private goods. In this angle, he is, therefore, able to formulate a definition that allows the reader to see the rationale of public sector economics. The role of the government in the public finance sector is also said to be regulatory; being termed as the invisible hand of market forces. The author, therefore, builds up the decision logically and therefore easily comprehendible. Kennedy, 2012, offers a different approach towards the definition of public finance. Instead of coming up with her definition of the subject, she quotes existing definitions that accurately meet the demands of the reader. The most comprehensive is that of Dalton, that states that public finance is concerned with the expenditure and income processes of public authorities and the adjustment of one to the other. In total, the author summarizes the definitions and terms public finance as the activity concerned with the explanation of how governments collect revenue, incur expenditure and the administration of the tax expenditure process CITATION MMa12 l 1033 (Kennedy, 2012). References BIBLIOGRAPHY Bhatia, H. L. (2009). Public Finance. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt . Chand, S. (2008). Public Finance, Volume 1. Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Dist. Hyman, D. (2010). Public Finance. Boston, Massachussets: Cengage Learning. Kennedy, M. M. (2012). Public Finance. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Source document

Out of My Comfort Zone

The whole month my friends have been continuously asking me to come ice skate with them. I had denied them several times, because I felt very uneasy going on a low friction surface on metal skates and was almost sure I would fall flat on my face. Public skate bothered me even more because I knew there would be several people there watching me, and potentially getting in the way of my skating. When the group decided to each get out of our comfort zones, I realized I should go with my friends this weekend, even though I felt very uncomfortable. Upon putting my skates on, I wasn’t sure what I was doing, and it took me a couple minutes to finally step out onto the ice. I held on to the railing for a long time, and my friend told me that was no way to learn something new, and that I should go in head first without being scared of failure. I felt ridiculous for caring so much, and let go and started skating around. I came to realize it was extremely similar to roller skating, and started enjoying it. When small children or fast skaters came by me, I was still a bit uneasy and would stop or slow down, but I realized it wasn’t as bad as I made it. Having everyone support me and show me tricks to go faster or make turns was very encouraging. I realized there were actually very many beginners during public skate that were going even slower than me. I didn’t feel so alone and realized I shouldn’t have chickened out for so long. My main fears were being out of control, that I would fail, or be embarrassed. Sometimes these things would pop up a bit, but in the end the experience gave me motivation to try new things and to wipe away the fear. It’s hard to grow and learn without taking risks, so I was proud I did it. To many it may have seemed like a small situation, but for me personally it was a bold step. Taking small bold steps may lead me to take larger more uncomfortable steps to get ahead. I realized that very few of the decisions or actions that you take are life or death. If you look at challenges through that lens it becomes much easier to step out of your comfort zone. As a concluding thought, I feel that if people don’t challenge themselves, chances are they will be drifting. If you want to be known as a leader, you need to be the first one to step outside of the box.

Character changes in Macbeth

Character changes in Macbeth Essay In Shakespeares play Macbeth we see the main character, Macbeth changes from a well-regarded and loyal soldier of the Scottish king to a murderous tyrant. At the start of the play Macbeth is courageous, ambitious, superstitious and devoted to his wife. These characteristics are shown through the victory against the rebels, Macbeths trust in the witches and his letter to his wife. In the second half of the play Macbeth becomes cruel and treacherous, insecure and distant from Lady Macbeth. The events that show this change are the murders Macbeth commits, his voluntary return to the witches and his reaction to his wifes death. One of the first events of the play occurs when King Duncans army, led by Macbeth and Banquo defeat the rebels. Macbeth fought ferociously, risking his own life to save his country. King Duncan praises noble Macbeth. Macbeth is seen as a strong soldier who is loyal and courageous, a truly heroic figure. To Duncan he was the worthiest cousin; to the wounded sergea nt Valours minion; to Banquo, My noble partner. King Duncan cannot reward him enough for all he has done. More is thy due than more than all can pay. Macbeth is made Thane of Cawdor, but begins to be tempted by his own vaulting ambition to become king. Another characteristic of Macbeth is his striving ambition and curious nature, which leads him and his partner Banquo to the witches who give him a prophecy. Banquo realises that there must be a trick hidden in the witches prophecies but Macbeth refuses to accept that. Macbeth chooses to let the witches influence him, but Banquo does not. This event showed Macbeth was superstitious because he trusted the witches. The witches prophecies stroked the fires of his ambition to be king.Macbeth was also devoted to his wife. He told his wife everything and confided in her via a secret letter. Macbeth even called his wife my dearest partner of greatness. This proves the affection and trust he had in Lady Macbeth. Together they plot to murder D uncan. Lady Macbeth and Macbeths own ambition are influences of evil that Macbeth chooses to accept. Macbeth also accepts advice from his wife. Lady Macbeth gets him to act by appealing to his manhood and courage, When you durst do it more the man., showing Macbeth is morally weak. He is very hesitant about killing the king though, showing he has a conscience. However, Macbeth begins to act alone, and Lady Macbeth loses her control over him. He follows his murder of Duncan with the quick murder of the two sleepy grooms. Macbeth becomes cruel and treacherous; the voice of conscience within him is gone; he no longer hesitates to follow courses of evil: The very firstlings of my heart shall be The firstlings of my hand. He does not need to be urged to the deed in planning the murder of Banquo and of Fleance. Macbeth fears Banquo because he recognises in him a moral courage, which he lacked Banquo kept his bosom franchised and allegiance clear. Macbeth also believed the prophecy that Banquos descendants would become king. He had become obsessed with his own safety. Macbeths imagination and insecurity is shown when the ghost of Banquo appeared at the banquet. His degradation carries him to the level where he vents his savage frenzy upon the innocent heads of His Macduffs wife, his babes for no reason, but his savage determination to maintain t he throne. These murders show the insecurity that was present in Macbeth. READ: The Moment Of Truth: Happy Ending EssayMacbeth voluntarily and deliberately returns to the witches alone. This time he is more assertive towards them. He is not over awed and he demands to know if Banquos descendants will become kings. The witches deliberately mislead Macbeth but he believes them, showing his overconfidence. Later, Macbeth becomes distant and cold towards Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth can no longer control Macbeth, and after killing Duncan he begins to act alone. Macbeth even tells the doctor to cure her of her mental illness, and makes no effort himself to help cure her. When Lady Macbeth dies, Macbeth states She should have died hereafter. There would have been time for such a word. He hears the news of his wifes death and reacts nonchalant and unemotionally. But Macbeth is still a tragic hero because he reveals to us that he is suffering a living hell, without the blessing of sleep that knits up the ravelld sleave of care. His punishment is as great as his crimes. At the end Macbeth does not run away or kill himself. Although Macbeth knows that he is doomed, he fights Macduff to the end, showing he is still courageous and physically brave. Once the saviour of his country, a valiant cousin! a worthy gentleman, Macbeth became the dead butcher, allowing ambition to overcome the natural order of life. Bibliography:

Concepts of Effective Active Learning Speech or Presentation

Concepts of Effective Active Learning - Speech or Presentation Example John Dewey, author of the School and Society and Experience and Education among others, is one of the key theorists of instructional technology. He established Chicago Laboratory School, one of the first of its kind, to test his educational theories and their social implications. Let us find out more about his contributions and their impact on society.   John Dewey: I have developed several educational theories for the purpose of having better and more efficient teaching methods. Ever since I have been against authoritarian methods of teaching and I believe that teachers should have a greater role than just teaching or merely educating the students- they should be role models who also inspire the youth who are under their supervision. I also believe that including things that interest children the most is a better motivation than using rewards and punishments in teaching.I have come up with something that I refer to as informal education which promotes the involvement and exposure of students to activities that could help them gain experience, and stimulate their thinking skills and be able to reflect on the significance of the undergone activities. This way, learning will be more than just fun and amusing, but also something that could better prepare the students for the future. The learning theory I have developed came to be known as functionalism and it encouraged mental testing and stressed studies of adaptive behavior (Clark, 1999).   Interviewer: John Dewey, indeed has contributed much to the development of instructional technology. The educational theory he has developed is still used in a lot of educational institutions today. And after having understood Mr. Dewey’s contribution, it is now time to look at the case in another perspective and learn about another leader in the field. Here is the man who supported Mr. Dewey’s theory of functionalism and has strongly advocated educational measurement, Mr. Edward L. Thorndike. What do you think are your most important contributions to instructional technology?

Editi a paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Editi a paper - Essay Example By doing these things, the researcher will be inspired to come up with brilliant ideas and these will open new paths to conducting a well-structured research. There are some steps and characteristics that make a good researcher what he is. The most important characteristics he has to have, in my opinion, are open-mindedness, constantly seeking the truth and adapting a critical way of thinking, and by this he not only criticizes, but also knows how to expand and develop the research topic into something more than what has already been done. Being an open-minded researcher means understanding, accepting other peoples` ideas and respecting their opinions. When writing a research paper, the researcher should seek the truth to develop a trustworthy and valid research. A researcher should be a critical thinker, which means that he has to search for, compare different perspectives and clarify important concepts on the target topic. Moreover, a researcher should be honest, should never cease to ask even the seemingly easy questions and should base his judgment on good evidence. In the overall research writing, a good researcher is the one who nev er ceases to ask the hows and whys. Before enrolling in this master program, I only had a little knowledge on how to write a research paper or conduct a study due to the lack of research method curriculum in my university. After enrolling in this program, I learned a lot about research methods and how to write a well organized paper. I also learned how to collect data and find reliable resources, which, in my opinion, are some of the most important factors of a research. Finally, I would encourage graduate and undergraduate students to be enrolled in a research methods course and to read more about writing research papers, as this also helps to develop the way they think and deal with whatever data they may be presented in the

Quantitative Research Study Critique Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Quantitative Research Study Critique - Article Example The main problem is that this study is unique and it does not involve human factors so it may not be reliable to use the researches conducted by other people since they may not be directly linked to the problem identified. In other words, it may appear as if the results of this particular study are generalizations of the results found by other researchers. This entails that there is no new information generated from the study since it is mere reproduction of known information that is only interpreted in a different way. 2. The study presents well organized literature review from published medical researches on the quality education literature during the last five years. The study also utilises good citation. For instance, Cook, Berkman & Bordage (2007) reviewed articles reporting experimental studies in medical education in published in six well respected medical journals from 2003 -2004 (Yucha et al, 2011). Somehow, the literature provides rationale for the study. To a certain exten t, it can be noted that the literature reviewed is related to the area of study given that it focused on aspects impacting the quality of research in medical education such as funding. ... For instance, 45 % contained literature review, 55 % presented a theoretical framework, 76% presented a statement of study purpose. This shows the shortcomings of the literature reviewed which should be taken into consideration in order to ascertain the validity and reliability of the literature used in the study. 3. The framework of the study is explicitly stated since it is mentioned that the research will specifically focus on reviewing published literature related to quality methodological and scientific impact of nursing education reports. They state from the onset that the selection criteria for the articles to be used in this study will be based on variables such as purpose, objectives, rationale, design, evaluation, interventions and significance of the study. Yuchi et al (2011) also state that article inclusion also involves factors such as quantitative research, focus on nursing students, featured descriptive, experimental as well as observational design. They also indicate that article exclusion would involve qualitative research, meta analysis, systematic and literature review. This gives us a clear framework of the study as well as the basic areas to be covered in the research. It can be observed that the framework map for the study is quite clear since it outlines the issues for inclusion as well as exclusion in the study. In other words, the map of the study narrows the focus of the study to the desired research context. The stated framework of the study is related to nursing since it clearly outlines the intention and purpose of the research. The study indicates that literature will be reviewed for the purpose of identifying the link between quality and nursing education in relation to aspects of

English Test Paper Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

English Test Paper Evaluation - Essay Example The students could be asked to summarize the text in 100 words. This is a good method of evaluating if the text was understood and it also gives the students the possibility to use their vocabulary, no matter how poor it is. Some students may find using their own words a little frustrating, but it is important to underline that they do not have to write a lot, just as little as 100 words. Another variation could be stating the theme, the main ideas or even for the more advanced, giving their own opinion on the topic. After the holistic tasks, there can be used some specific ones. For example, explaining the words in the context and using them in their own sentences can activate the vocabulary used. Anyhow one of the most popular reading comprehension exercises is the multiple-choice items. The success of this exercise consists of more answer option that can reduce the chance of guessing the correct answer. The multitudes of items aid the student and reduce the ambiguity of the task. The multiple choices offer a great flexibility in the goals that are expected and assessed, that can be knowledge, application, vocabulary, analysis and so on. On the other hand, there are also some cons when we talk about multiple choices. The reading time increases as the number of answers is higher. There cannot be presented so many questions and it turns out to be difficult to write four or five reasonable and logical answers. Reading comprehension is one of the greatest ways of getting the holistic image of someone's knowledge.... It requires not only reading skills, but also logic and good vocabulary. Hirsch Jr. states that "a big difference between an expert and a novice reader is the ability to take in basic features very fast, thereby leaving the mind free to concentrate on important features." (Hirsch 3) In this way, the progress of a student can be monitored and his lacks in understanding the language can be corrected. The text must be carefully chosen. For example a text that contains way too many technical or medical terms is rather improper for a secondary learned, unless he was introduced before in the terminology. One of the most used methods is to include roughly-tuned texts that have a real source, but were changed in order to be more accessible for students. Another method is to select a short or medium length article, but in this case we must pay attention to the possible grammar mistakes. The great thing here is that there is a large range of texts from which one can choose. After choosing the text, there are various ways in which we can assess the knowledge gained and the understanding of the text. The students could be asked to summarize the text in 100 words. This is a good method of evaluating if the text was understood and it also gives the students the possibility to use their vocabulary, no matter how poor it is. Some students may find using their own words a little frustrating, but it is important to underline that they do not have to write a lot, just as little as 100 words. Another variation could be stating the theme, the main ideas or even for the more advanced, giving their own opinion on the topic. After the holistic tasks, there can be used some specific ones. For example,

Position of Women in Society in a Doll's House Essay

Position of Women in Society in a Doll's House - Essay Example In A Doll’s House, Ibsen explores the realism of women’s social position. Nora enjoys a doll’s roles and attitudes, until she learns that a doll’s life is neither appealing nor fulfilling. This paper analyzes the symbolisms and theme of A Doll’s House. Symbolisms, as well as Nora’s and Torvald’s characters, depict the theme of women’s position in society as dolls, which Nora reverses as she reclaims her humanity. One of the strongest symbolisms in the play is the house, which represents the only private space where women actively work, but also remain duly suppressed as genuine actors of society. The title itself talks about a doll’s house. Nora seems to be playing the lead role, since girls play with dolls and she is seen as a mere girl by all men in her life. But Kashdan underscores that she is not an actor, but a doll inside this house, where men see women as: â€Å"†¦dolls to be housed in toy mansions and be ind ulged, but only sparingly† (Kashdan 3). Nora is one of the dolls in society that must be controlled. Men are the ones who do the controlling. When they marry, they treat their wives like dolls that they put into their houses. Men, as traditional breadwinners, own these houses. They are masters, while their wives are followers, most often than not, they are slaves. Before, Nora enjoys being in this house. The house stands for her feminine domestic duties, which she dutifully follows. Gillian Brown calls this as the â€Å"domestic cult of true womanhood† (Lee 623). Nora’s main goal is to create and maintain a â€Å"beautiful, happy home† (Ibsen Act 1). Later on, Nora becomes the breadwinner of the house to make ends meet- a gender role reversal. She is supposed to stay inside the house, a prisoner of the private space where women can only exist with the secondary social roles in life. Torvald, however, does not appreciate his wife’s sacrifices and eff orts. For him, this house is his house to control alone. As Monrad points out that Monrad believes in nature: â€Å"†¦nature, which again is the creation of God, for ever given and unalterable† (Langas 150). Torvald does not want altered gender roles, because it threatens his power and superiority. The door and Tarantella dance represent Nora’s way out of her doll-like existence and an entry into her humanization. One of the ways that Nora humanizes herself is when she diverges from her doll’s roles. Lee says: â€Å"Nora’s ‘humanity’ relies on a sense that she is the exclusive owner of herself, her body and her work† (623). She becomes independent when she takes matters into her own hand and uses lies to save Torvald’s ego and life. Then, she also secretly works and earns money, another act of defiance and autonomy. Nora, however, is not yet aware of her humanity. She does not even use the word human being to describe herse lf until Act 3. During this time, she says: â€Å"I believe that before all else I am a reasonable human being, just as you are--or, at all events, that I must try and become one† (Ibsen Act 3). When she closes the door, she takes control of her life as a human being. MacPherson stresses that people reach their selfhood through their freedom, and Lee interprets this that for Nora, it entails being a â€Å"proprietor of her own capacity (624). She becomes a person, a human being with free will and civil liberties. Nora’

Motivation for Turkish entry to the European Union Essay

Motivation for Turkish entry to the European Union - Essay Example As a result of that the tensions of the Cold War between America and Soviet Union were visible in Europe until the cold war ends during the latter parts of twentieth century. Soon after the ending of cold war, European and American countries started thinking about cooperation rather than conflicts. As a result of that, ideologies like globalization has entered the horizon. The ending of cold war helped Eastern Europe to reduce its gap with Western Europe. The unification of two Germanys gave momentum to this process. The call for regional integration or a unified Europe or European Union started to become a hotly debated topic after the unification of the two Germanys. â€Å"The term â€Å"regional integration† means combining parts into a whole, according to the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary† (Dosenrode, 2010, p.4). Moreover, the theories of Federalism and Functionalism, put forward by prominent scholars gave momentum to the integration process of Europe. It shou ld be noted that Europe was functioning not as a whole, but as parts until the unification of the Germanys. The efforts for European integration were started immediately after WWII. ... Turkey is one country which is trying hard to become a permanent member in EU. Turkey is a Eurasian country of strategic importance because of its geographic location in between Asia and Europe. Its boundaries are located in two continents: Europe and Asia. That is why EU members are considering Turkey as a semi-European country. â€Å"Turkey  has not yet become a member of the  EU. Nevertheless,  Turkey's candidacy to join the  EU  is still one of the most considerable and controversial topics within the European political arena† (Kunnecke, 2013, p.527) Turkey has started its effort to acquire membership in the European Economic Community from 1987 onwards. Turkey is currently an associate member of the Western European Union. Moreover, they signed an agreement with the EU in 1995 and are officially recognized as a candidate for full membership now. Negotiations for accepting Turkey as full member of EU were started in 2005 and it is still going on. According to Aud as (2013, p.183) â€Å"Turkey  has been part of an ongoing process of integration with its European Union (EU) neighbours for year, and yet the debate for inclusion continues† According to Cendrowicz (2009), Turkey’s membership bid has become a major controversy of the ongoing enlargement of the European Union. He has pointed out that French President Nicolas Sarkozy and German Chancellor Angela Merkel are against the introduction of Turkey into EU because of the public opinion against Turkey in Europe. Moreover, the current Eurozone crisis is another factor which weakens Turkey’s stakes for a membership in EU. Even though, Turkey is a secular democratic state, the influence of Islamic religion on political

International Relations (The Caspian Sea Dispute) Essay

International Relations (The Caspian Sea Dispute) - Essay Example The interest encompassing oil extraction in Caspian region are commonly existent in several countries of the world in view of its significance to each individual country's benefit. For instance, the Caspian states regard the extraction of oil as a bonanza of future riches, potency and control. However, Caspian states are not the only ones to conceive these purviews, beside these interests are also cherished by the giant international oil companies such as BP, Amoco and Exxon etc with a view to boosting profitability. Besides, countries like United States, Russia, China, Iran and Turkey. All guided by the objective to gain maximum possible geopolitical advantages out of the region's oil exploration and exploitation. Hence, this paper sharpens the significance of this region for several interested parties and also explores the arousing international level conflicts concerning the geographic expedition and utilization of Caspian Sea's abounding oil resources. The internal and external politics in the Caspian region have led to the enormously growing contention among several countries. The internal importance of oil reserves in the region arises in Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, where the oil is expected to free the countries from the claws of poverty, economic backwardness and Russian influence. The other country having substantial concerns for the region is Russia, which regards the exploration of oil in the region to be severely yoked with Russian 'internal security' matters. Finally the Caspian region is of international interest because of the region's potential to have ample reserves of unexplored oil, which can shape the fortune of several countries connected with it. As Frank Viviano (1998, pA1) propounds, "The oil boom in the Caspian basin promises to alter everything in its path- to erect a new El Dorado in desert wasted, fuel the economies of US and Europe, and re-order the global economy. It will also imperil thousands of years of tradition, setting its defenders against the tide of a glittering but deeply uncertain future." The foremost problem with the Caspian Sea's oil resources is that these reserves are not distributed equally across the sea, which has inseminated conflicts among the countries bordering it on the issue of maximum access to amplest oil. The major dispute held by the countries bordering the Caspian Sea i.e., Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Iran is the application of international law for the usage of Caspian resources, arguing on the treatment of Caspian as sea or lake. Brice Clagett (1998, p4) illustrate that if the Caspian is to be handled as sea, the eminent beneficiaries would be Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, as the resources of the sea would then be utilized by each country to the extent of a specified zone off the seashore under the international law. Both Russia and Iran, who had been historically sharing the Caspian Sea reserves, do not contain sufficient oil resources within their specified limits off the seashore. Therefore, they prefer the Caspian to be treat ed as a lake, enabling the countries to equally share the resources beneath the sea. Besides Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and other Caspian States, the most evident interest in Caspian Sea reserves is that of the Russian. Ozden Oktav (2005, p21) illuminates that "Russia has many economic and

The importance of structure in The Agamemnon Essay Example for Free

The importance of structure in The Agamemnon Essay The Agamemnon is a classic Greek tragedy written by Aeschylus in which he entails the continuation of the curse on the house of Atreus in the time period following the end of the Trojan War and the return of King Agamemnon. This play tells of the murders of Cassandra and Agamemnon-by-Agamemnons wife Clytemestra. Throughout the play many aspects have a profound effect on the structure. Things such as the chorus, audience, the use of common literary devices such as buts and ellipses as well as foreshadowing and flashback had an immense effect on the overall structure of the play The Agamemnon. In The Agamemnon the structure had a huge effect on the overall outcome and appearance of the play. To begin, the chorus had a very large effect on the structure of The Agamemnon. In a small way it lets the reader/audience know about things taking place outside the realm of the plays setting. This was not as important at the time this play would have been performed, but in this modern era it is very important that the chorus inform the audience with past events like the outcome of the Trojan War and the death of Iphagania. Such as in this case Then the elder king found voice and said: This fate is hard to disobey, and hard I obey. Sever my child-my palace pearl? Bloody my hands in that virgin flood? A fathers hands at the alter side? Oh which is worse? But how can I betray my fleet and fail my allies? They are right in their fury-bound frenzy to imprecate the winds to calm by the blood of a virgin sacrificedI hope it my be well! If not for excerpts such as that one modern readers as well as some audience members in the past would not know the story of Iphagania and how it made Aga memnon make a choice no one would want to face and one in which the decision led to his death. The chorus informing the audience/reader things they might not know provides a colossal influence on the structure of the play, without them the reader might become confused or lost in some of the occurrences that take place throughout the story. Yet the chorus makes the structure flow better for the reader to become more involved in the situation of the play. That is not the only way, in which the chorus affects the structure of The Agamemnon, there is another vital way in which the chorus affects the structure. The other very important way is in which the chorus affects the structure is the way that the chorus represents the idea of the average people of the time  period; the people the audience/reader can relate to the best and understand the situations that take place throughout this Greek classic. This aspect of the play affects the structure in a very large way. It gives the reader/audience a viewpoint that is easily understandable, a message that is meant for them and not the upper class that would not be provided without Aeschylus use of the chorus. That use makes the structure more broad, showing different viewpoints, which is always important when writing. Also it builds up the drama of the climax by having the chorus use time and show their own ideas. The chorus makes structure of The Agamemnon flow much more fluidly, and provides a way for Aeschylus to draw out the play and make the reader wait and wonder what will happen, both of which affected the structure of The Agamemnon in a very immense way, which makes the play much better. Secondly, the audience plays an important role in the overall structure of the play. Due to the particular audience that would have seen that play during its time of origin the structure is set up in a way that was contemporary in that time period. In other words, the expectations of the audience were in tune with the life style of that era and the authors diction chose reflected those expectations. Therefore the audience during the time the play was written in has a great importance on the structure of common literary devices such as the use of buts and ellipses as well as foreshadowing and flashback. For that reason the style Aeschylus wrote this play was one in which the audience would receive it. Yet although the audience was important to the structure then, it is inadvertently still very important now. Aeschylus explains things happening around these people, whether for drama or some other reason to keep the anticipation of the audience at hand-it is still there and this structural point by Aeschylus tells people who would be the audience today of very important aspects of the Trojan War and other past events that they would not know of. Yet all of these structural things tie together and are intertwined to make their impact on the play and thus show why they all, including the audience, have a vast bearing on the structure of the play and therefore have an impact on the outcome and appearance of The Agamemnon for the better. Thirdly, the use of buts and ellipses also play an important role on why the structure has an impact on the overall outcome of The Agamemnon. Buts mean that an argument has been provided, or there are two sides to the story. Showing both sides of something is extremely important both in life and literature and can be seen many times throughout The Agamemnon. Clytemnestra says But even losing suits a mighty man. this means that a mighty man wining would be the usual thing, but losing would still suit him and therefore two sides of something are presented which is huge in structure. Ellipses are also very important to the structure. They cause a very necessary an important break which is common in Greek literature and therefore in The Agamemnon. How I hold him in my heartSuch shyness wears away in time. The pause created by the ellipse exaggerates the point created that Clytemnestra missed Agamemnon in his long absence (which she didnt). The buts and ellipses provide an enormous role in the structure of the play; Aeschylus used them impeccably to enhance the structure and therefore improve the total play due to the use of the structure. Finally, the use of foreshadowing and flashbacks has an enormous effect on the structure in The Agamemnon. Aeschylus as well as many other ancient Greek writers used these literary tools to their perfection. Aeschylus uses flashbacks through many people throughout the play by describing past events, events that were flashbacked to give background information which is vital to a complete understanding of the play. The flashbacks are important to the structure of The Agamemnon because they relate to so many other aspects of why the structure is so important to the play. The chorus, which is very important to the play, uses flashbacks all the time and without them the structure of the play would seem very strange and extremely different from the way in which it reads now. Some of the ways in which Aeschylus incorporates flashbacks and foreshadowing into The Agamemnon is both interesting and important to the structure of the play. One of the ways in which this is very clear is how both flashbacks and foreshadowing are used through the character Cassandra. Cassandra is Agamemnons spoil of war, he took her as a victory prize after the Trojan War and she is gift with the power of insight and she can therefore see into the future and she is also aware of the history of the house of Atreus. Therefore this gift of insight  will clearly have an obvious affect on the foreshadowing in the play as it can be seen here, So, then I go To sing the dirge of my own demise And Agamemnon too within the palace. Enough of life! O unknown men, good-bye! I am no little bird that quivers at a bushs stir. But when I am dead and when you see A women for a women die, A man for a man ill-mated lie, Then remember what I said: My dying wishremember itmy prophecy. as said by Cassandra just prior to her death. This is an amazing aspect to the structure of the play, it is a way to foreshadow and keep the reader/audience interested in the outcome and to keep reading to find out if what Cassandra says will come true. Cassandra is truly a dynamic character who is very important to the structure because within the play she also uses the literary tool of flashbacks, this character makes the structure of The Agamemnon much more vibrant than it would have been. Flashbacks and foreshadowing are important to the structure of any work, yet in Aeschylus they are used so perfectly and eloquently that they in-turn have a big impact on the structure, which consequently has a gigantic outcome on the play itself. In conclusion, the structure of The Agamemnon had a huge effect on the overall outcome and appearance of the play. Aeschylus used many different things to enhance the structure of his play, all of these things intertwined into similar aspects of looking into the past or future, the chorus, audience, buts and ellipses, and flashbacks/foreshadowing all used some to improve the structure of the play in their own unique way. Many of Aeschyluss ideas on the structure connect and have a huge effects on The Agamemnon.

Economy on Food Essay Example for Free

Economy on Food Essay Many Americans consume food at an alarming rate without even stopping to think of what they really might be eating or how it ended up on their plate. If we just took the time to see how our food systems worked, we would notice the domino affect trickling down from government to average day Americans. In order for us to be able to grow and produce food, farmers are paid by our government in the form of subsidies. These crops often times do not grow naturally from the ground. Chemicals are pumped into the Earth causing problems for our environment. That food is than sent on journeys all over the world, including stops at feed lots. Animals are fed the crop which has more cons than pros to their digestive system and their bodies causing meat to have a higher concentration of fat. Of course these products are then distributed to our grocery stores and we buy them without the slightest bit of hesitation. Each one of these steps has an affect on the other and it might all be controlled by one problem government subsidies. Without this control farmers might have the initiative to grow with their minds set on quality over quantity which in turn will have healthier affects on each level of our food economy. Farmers are large contributors toward the food for our society. The government pays farmers by controlling the supply and demand through subsidies keeping the farmers their jobs. However, the subsidies are based on how many bushels a farmer can grow, which leads to an overproduction. An example of a highly subsidized crop is corn. Alone, this crop causes environmental, animal farming, and society health issues. According to Michael Pollan, an author, activist, and Professor of journalism at the University of California, Berkeley, for farmers to grow an abundant amount of corn it requires more chemicals and pesticides to maintain growing conditions. These chemicals eventually find its way into the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, killing marine life (45). When this crop is sold, farmers with livestock buy it as animal feed, for it is cheap. Most of the animals we eat (chickens, pigs, and cows) today subsist on a diet of corn, reguardless regardless of whether it is good for them (Pollan, 44). Cattle are not use to an all corn diet which causes farmers to feed them antibiotics to fight off any illness and or infections. Once these animals pass inspections they are sent off to a slaughter house to become the meat we eat, which is filled with antibiotics and corn. Corn comes in a sugar additive form be more accurate -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:25 PM called high fructose corn syrup. It is commonly found in soft drinks because it is so sweet and cheap. Due to the subsidy, it took the place of sugar. There is no coincidence that the wholesale switch to corn sweeteners in 1980s marks the beginning of the epidemic of obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in this country (Pollan, 44). Since the subsidy caused overproduction and extremely low prices, America has let itself go in becoming one of the fattest and laziest nations by turning to fast food restaurants instead of home cooked meals. The government pays farmers to grow these commodities (i. e. corn, soy, wheat, rice, and cotton) for their overproduction and the farm bill what farm bill? offer context for quote -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:26 PM does almost nothing to support farmers growing fresh produce The reason the least healthful calories in the supermarket are the cheapest is that those are the ones the farm bill encourages farmers to grow (Pollan, You Are What You Grow). While fruit and vegetable prices increased 40 percent from 1985-2000, the price of soft drinks, containing corn, declined 23 percent (Pollan, You Are What You Grow). Through government subsidies and the farm bill, it has caused several problems concerning the environment, and animal and society health. Government subsidies need to be looked at and changed considerably. Farmers need to stop overproduction and instead of being paid by bushels, be paid to limit production and support prices (Pollan, You Are What You Grow). By supporting prices and limiting production, crops may not be so high in demand, further resulting in animals eating what they are accustomed to and Americans eating healthier with fewer unknown additives put into their food. Here you have moved to possible solutions save it for that section. -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:28 PM The overproduction of corn in America has raised many questions regarding the process and production of corn and how it is affecting us Americans today. Need a different transition here, one that spins off from last paragraph -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:29 PM Many documentaries about corn, the production, process, and distribution have been experimented with and caught on tape, while more problems have risen about conditions of corn and farming. Such Aforementioned problems have revealed that though corn is cheap and easy, it increases health risks for our bodies and to animals as well. Michael Pollan author of When A Crop Becomes King, writer for the New York Times states that â€Å"nowhere have humans done quite as much to advance the interests of this plant as in North America , where zea mays has insinuated itself into our landscape, our food system-and our federal budget. † Pollan is revealing that people may question the food production and if producers are looking out for our best interest or not. We still buy the same products and dont ask the important questions, though, we just accept that it is a way of life. We complain that food is unhealthy and there are rarely any alternatives that are just as quick and tasty as fast food, instead, we need to choose our own alternatives rather then blame the fast food industry. Corn has been processed and has become an American product for the past few decades, were sacrificing the health of both our bodies and the environment by growing and eating so much of it[ ]thats cause for our concern states Polan in another quote from The New York Times. Though we have the production of corn processed in foods and fed to animals to make there meat more fatty, the best strategy that has kept the zea mays in business is the development of high fructose corn syrup. Look on the backs of soda cans, candy bars, even apples and you will notice that there is high fructose corn syrup in our americanized products. Corns being processed into all of our foods, drinks, and animals is only part of the problem, Polan states that Modern corn hybrids are the greediest of plants, demanding more nitrogen fertilizer than any other crop also requiring more pesticide then any other crop. Corn isnt as cheap as we suspect it to be, the diet for corn consists of a plethera of water and is sprayed with chemicals each time its grown. Due to the chemicals that are sprayed, these chemicals find its way to the Mississippi River which carries it to the Gulf of Mexico, which has already killed marine life in a 12,000 square mile area. Polan again reveals that if we take a step back, we will realize that our environment is suffering just as much as we are, we are temporary on this earth we need to remember that the environment is not to be tempered with, but natural. The process of cornification and new developments if cheap and easy products, has cause a domino affect in our health system. Although our environment is suffering due to over use of chemicals, we do not end there. nice T -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:33 PM According to the U. S Department of Agricultures National Agricultural Statistics Service, each year in the United States, 10 billion land animals are raised and killed for meat, eggs, and milk. To an average American with no prior knowledge of our food economy this might seem like a minuscule fact, however; it is the way in which these animals are farmed which has dire consequences on our societies health. Farm animal welfare expert Dr. Donald Broom states; Efforts to achieve earlier and faster growth, greater production per individual, and efficient feed conversions and partitioning are the causes of some of the worst animal welfare problems. The farming of livestock has changed dramatically over the past centuries. Many still think of farming as the rural collections of barns and field where animals are free to graze and move about until they are executed effectively, in reality, some farms are massive industrial-type facilities owned and operated by large corporations [and] although they make up a small percentage of American farms, they handle a large percentage of the animals killed for food in the United States (Breakdown of Livestock Farms, North American Industry Classification System in Census of Agriculture). These factory farms are also known as CAFOs or Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. Because of the over production of corn, these animals diets consist of nothing but it. Since corn is a high-starch, high-energy food, it decreases the time it takes to fatten the cattle and increases the yield from these farms. According to the documentary, King Corn, cattle are fed for anywhere between 140-160 days and than slaughtered, however; corn is not the natural diet of cattle and since it is not, many problems have stemmed from this abnormal diet. They are becoming fatter at an alarming rate which is good for the companys wallets but not for our waist lines considering 65% of calories from burgers are energy calories from fat causing a direct line between obese cows, and obese Americans (King Corn). The problem lies within the cattles digestive system. The heavy corn diet acidifies the cows digestive tract and causes bacteria to form. Under normal circumstances a bacteria known as E. coli 0157: H7 would be killed by stomach acids but the increased amounts of acid allows for the more acid resistant bacteria to thrive and reproduce (Richard J.Arsenault, Corn Fed Cattle: Bigger Cows, Bigger E. coli Threat. )nice addition of detail, but paraphrase wording not worthy of quote status 🙂 -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:37 PM Cattle are being forced to consume products which end up killing them slowly, and if it were not for the time of slaughter they would eventually die. Either way in which they die is not usually pleasant. awk -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:38 PM Cows may be raised in one state, fattened in another, and then slaughtered in yet another. During the transportation of these animals they are packed into trucks where they suffer from trampling, temperature extremes, and lack of food, water or veterinary care. When they reach the slaughterhouse, cattle may be hoisted upside-down by their hind legs and dismembered all while being conscious since the techniques for slaughter are surrounded around yield and not efficiency. The kill rate in a typical slaughterhouse is 400 animals per hour, and the line is never stopped simply because an animal is alive, according to a former slaughterhouse worker and author of They Die Piece by Piece, Joby Warrick. Are you drifitng away from topic? -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:39 PM There are no animal welfare laws regulating the treatment of billions of animals raised for their mean meat, eggs, and milk while they are on the farm. While all of the 50 states have cruelty laws, many exempt common farming practices. As a result of this, farm animals suffer immensely due to the fact that animal welfare is overlooked since the economic interests of the producer often conflict with the animals well-being. But the animals well-being is not the only consequence; factory farming effect the environment as well as society itself. The effects fast food has on Americans is a wide variety of different things, and society is one of them. Wendell Berry from The Pleasures of Eating says people buy what they wantor what they have been persuaded to wantwithin the limits of what they can get. (Berry 1) Berry feels that the advertisers of fast food companies make people feel that they need things that are not necessarily good for them because it is provided to them cheaply and with easy access. Society has been blind sided when it comes to where there food is from, the most an average urban shopper could tell you is that their food came from a farm. They are unaware of any further information such as; what farm it came from, where the farm is located, and how far the food had to travel to get to them. (Berry 1) Most Americans view food as something that does not concern them until it is put in front of them. They dont spend any extra time thinking about the health aspects of their food until it comes time to purchase it or make it. Even then, Americans lives are so fast paced they dont have tome time to worry about what is in their food. It is very obvious through commercials and other forms of advertisement that the industry does not care about the health of society. They advertise to young children and teens who do not know any better, this section seems to be about causes rather than effects -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 4:01 PM as well as hire immigrants that will work for low pay. It is very clear they are not aware of what they are providing their customers with. The industry has been able to create a vicious circle by advertising to children. These children grow up and feed it to their children, thus continuing the never ending cycle. As long as fast food restaurants are able to provide food at a cheap price, quickly the health of society will be a problem. There is no way we could possibly shut down all of the fast food restaurants but there are different things we could do just to make people more aware of what they are eating. When dining at a fast food restaurant it is hard to come across health information on the food they are providing you with, pamphlets providing this information should be offered to every customer much like how they offer you to super size your meal. Another idea would be to provide the dietary facts on the outside packaging of the product how they do at grocery stores on every item sold. And this section seems to be about solutions -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 4:02 PM Societies health problems may be growing but our knowledge is also growing and we should get smart and look further into what we put into our bodies. What we put into our bodies has a lot to do with the increased health problems in society today, in years prior to 1994 diabetes in children was typically a genetic disorder that they had inherited and Type 2 diabetes only accounted for 5% of childhood cases now it accounts for at least 30%. (David Zinczenko Pg 1). This is actually on topic the negative effects on health -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 4:03 PM So who do we blame for the fact that our health is going downhill? People should know how to eat properly and know better than to eat several meals a week from a fast food restaurants, I dont think its the fact that people dont understand what it could do to there body, its the lack of alternatives and the FDA does not require prepared foods to be labeled with health information. We have covered every street in America with fast food restaurants and made it almost impossible to come by a health food store. Why would Americans spend time looking for healthier alternatives when we have strategically placed several other unhealthy alternatives right in front of them. Fast food is not just affecting the health of people but also of our environment packaging from fast food restaurants can take up anywhere from 20-30% of our landfill space belongs in a different section -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 4:05 PM and add pollutants to our air. Fast food has a huge affect on society that witha few east steps in the right direction we could create a healthier America. A major downfall for the US is how we are able to provide food at such a cheap cost. It is awesome for the customers but for the people providing it (farmers) it is more of a cost to them. Michael Pollan, author of When a Crop Becomes King from the New York Times explains exactly how farmers are paying more money for corn in the long run, because the average bushel of corn (56 pounds) sells for about $2 today; it costs farmers more than $3 to grow it. (Pollan 1). If farmers are spending more money on corn than customers are paying for it how are they making any money themselves? Congress has decided to subsidize corn by the bushel, America is covered in 125,000- square miles of corn fields. Subsidies are grants given to an enterprise provided by the government that benefit the public. Does cheap food ever mean healthy food? Typically no. Advertisers will promote anything to get you to eat it! They target young children with anything from commercials to action figures. New York Times David Barboza author of the article If You Pitch it, They Will Eat says, Big food makers like McDonalds and Kraft Foods Inc. are finding every imaginable way to put their names in front of your children. (Barboza 1) Companies view their sale pitches as harmless but they are a huge reason of Americas rise in obesity. Cheap food from fast food restaurants like Pizza Hut, McDonalds, Taco Bell and KFC are targeting teenagers and cheap is all that the average teenager can afford. Thats what they eat, cheap food that will clog their arteries and if it is eaten constantly could lead to some major health problems. If fast food was pricier maybe it would encourage teenagers to make there way to the grocery store and spend their money on foods that are better and more nutritious for them. The problems that have arosearisen -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 3:56 PM due to the new developments with corn and subsidies have drawn Americans and health developers to question the health risks. Corn has been a new popular development for the past few decades with the booming fast food industry and even to grocery stores across America. Cheap food and cheap prices not only make it easy for parents, but are quite a tasty treat to people anywhere. The solution to end the change and chemicalization of our environment will be too change the agricultural act as Wendall Berry, author of The Pleasures of Eating stated. The video, King Corn, has shown that corn has been genetically changed and is grown closer together which not only makes the food unhealthy, but it is unhealthy for the soil as well. Corn is distributed into many different products, sprayed with chemicals, and genetically altered so that it flatters the human eye. Corn also feeds the animals, in which farms put them in a box to feed instead of grazing along pastures, healthily. Berry states that animals are fed with antibiotics so they wont die from the change in diet, and so they can fight off bacteria in their bodies. Our environment is where the earth began, slowly but surely we are killing off plants and animals for our benefits as heavy consumers. We want to make a solution to stunting environmental growth because it is all a domino affect. One part affects the whole puzzle, take away corn, and we are forced to find alternative sweeteners for soda, candy, fruit, and other products. An alternative to corn syrup is sugar, though more expensive, it is worth it if it benefits our bodies and environment. In King Corn, the college students say that there is 30% more sugar used in corn form than before. This suggests that high fructose corn syrup is more unhealthy than sugar itself. Researchers at University of Minnesota also made the point that high fructose corn syrup causes trygliceride levels in men to increase shortly after eating, which links to an increased risk of obesity and heart disease. Our problem is corn and the production, we find alternatives such as going back to sugar, and letting the animals, plants, soil, grow healthier so that humans will be healthier. Lets face it, we dont know what we are eating, but do we care to ask questions? Rather, we complain about how there are no alternatives to the fast and easy drive-thru. Our change in society with our environment will be slow, one less person going to McDonalds, is one less employee making a hamurger, which is one less manufacturer making money on his or her product. Lets come together and find our own alternatives, rather than having society determine for us. It is easy to say that Americans are victims when it comes to eating unhealthy. We are heavily influenced by fast food and marketing industries. Together, they promote and reel consumers in by making their products cheap and convenient. So, how do we fight back? According to Wendell Berry, an author and farmer, we need to start by eating responsibly. This includes preparing your own food, knowing where your food is grown (preferably closer to home), dealing directly with the farmer or gardener, and learning, about the economy, farming, and through observations (40). Eating responsibly is a life style one chooses, it definitely wont happen over night. Blaming fast food companies for making America fat may be the easy way out of personal responsibility but America is to blame. Daniel Weintraubs article states that Statewide, the Center said 26 percent of schoolchildren are overweight (42). 5 tips prob -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 4:14 PM The lack of exercise has caused childhood obesity to rise in consideration with the intake of fast food. Since fast food companies clearly play a role in the obesity problem America has, the change should start with them by offering healthier alternatives, smaller portion sizes, and nutritional facts on the food and beverages being consumed. But the bigger pictures focuses on the farm bill. The reason fast food companies can sell their food cheap is because of the subsidy system. Pollan states that eaters want a bill that makes the most healthful calories in the supermarket competitive with the least healthful ones. Eaters want a bill that feeds schoolchildren fresh food from local farms rather than processed surplus commodities from far away. Enlightened eaters also recognized their dependence on farmers which is why they would support a bill that guarantees the people who raise our food not subsidies but fair prices (You Are What You Grow). The only way that our nation can change the health problem its suffering from now is by taking the time to understand and know what they are really eating, along with what was done to it to make it taste the way it does. Originally, Government subsidies were intended to ensure that American people had enough food. Our Government wanted to make sure that our country would never have a problem regarding the amount of food we produce. Though the intentions of our nation were only to make sure that every person can have food in their belly, the result of starting the subsidy system, in fact, made things worse. Without subsidy, corn costs much more than it does with a subsidy. Since the Government decided that subsidies would be a good idea, farmers have taken advantage of the opportunity to increase their income. Over the years, chemicals have been put into corn to change its color, its ability to grow closer together, and how fast it grows. Not only that, but chemicals must be put into the soil to make it grow in general, because farmers have abandoned their old method of rotating crops and leaving the land fallow. Making these modifications to the corn crop has done what they wanted: increased the amount of corn produced, therefore increasing the amount of money farmers recieve. Unfortunately, it has also caused major problems in the health of the food. As mentioned previously, corn is fed to livestock. Since corn has such chemicals put into it, thats exactly what the animals consume, and it makes the meat have nine times as much saturated fats as grass fed animals(King Corn). This means that the meat that humans consume, in addition to the corn itself, and corn syrup that humans consume, are much less healthy than we think. Paragraph should start here. Most of above is repeating what should have come before -Meline Akashian 11/27/10 4:17 PM The Subsidy system is flawed in that its intentions were for the health of the country, but its results are that all food is less healthy than it once was. Eliminating subsidies on corn will raise the price on corn, which in turn will raise price on meat, change the diet for livestock, and force companies to use natural sugar rather than corn syrup. These changes will result in less health issues, considering that corn syrup [alone] has a higher risk of type 2 diabetes(King Corn). If the government really was concerned with the health of our country, officials would have considered the health of not only the people, but the land, plants, and animals we depend on for survival. Getting rid of subsidies will only help the country toward its dream of better health.

Ethical Debates on Cloning

Ethical Debates on Cloning Introduction Over the past few years human cloning has become a great concern, this is mainly because of ethics. There are many great reason that have been presented about why to clone or why not to clone. There have been great results produced by animal cloning. This has made some people suggest that human clones should also be produced. Lots of sources have highlighted the fact that there is a possibility that we can clone a human to replace someone who has died. But there are many moral concerns raised when we speak of cloning humans. Defining Human Cloning Before discussing the topic of cloning we must know what cloning is. There are many views on how cloning can be defined. For example the American Medical Association (AMA) defined cloning as â€Å"the production of genetically identical organisms via somatic cell nuclear transfer. ‘Somatic cell nuclear transfer’ refers to the process which the nucleus of a somatic cell of an existing organism is transferred into an oocyte from which the nucleus has been removed† (Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 1). So basically a clone has the same genes as the cloned. In order to clone you wold take an egg, without a nucleus, then insert the DNA of the person that is to be cloned into the egg. This process is to be done by fussing the egg with the cell, or by nuclear transfer. Then we would make the egg become and embryo by means of electricity or by chemicals. Then we would implant the egg inside the mother for the egg to grow. There are other definitions to cloning. Som e say that cloning is also the production of tissues and organs through growing cells or tissues in cultures along with the actual producing of embryos to be born. This process would be done by using stem cells. When a fertilized egg begins to divide, all the cells inside are similar. However, when the cells start to divide the cells start changing and become stem cells, stem cells are cells that produce different types of tissues and then those tissues will produce organs. We can clone organs by producing stem cells which will then create that organ. But we must understand that when we clone we don’t not get exact copies of the cloned. When we clone, the DNA of the cloned will transfer to the clone but the person will not be an exact copy becausethe clone will grow up in a different environment than the cloned and the clone will have different experiences and different opportunities. And since an individual also adapts based on experiences and the surroundings, the clone will look and do different things than the cloned. How It All Started Before we speak of the good and bad of cloning we must see how cloning started. The idea of cloning was just science fiction until February 1997, when Ian Wilmut, an embryologist, found a way to clone a lamb, its name was Dolly. After this experiments conclusion was published we were introduced to a new possibility.Previously, cloning was thought to be unachievable but because of this experiment there has been proof that cloning can be accomplished and we have the knowledge and technology to do so. The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly and since then there scientists have made improvement to the cloning technology and procedure and know people have been able to create clones such as; mouse, cattle, goat, pig, deer, rabbit, cat, mule, and horse clones. Even though technology has improved he chances of successful clones is very slim. For every 100 experiments only one, two, or if lucky, perhaps three appear to produce a viable offspring in surrogate mothers. There has been no actual proof of why the chances are really low but some researchers say that this is only because we have recently been introduced to cloning, and it will take a while for our technology to evolve so that there is slight chances of error. There has been no evidence that we can successfully create a human clone. But recently is South Korea some scientists were successful in creating stem cells from human embryos that were cloned. This experiment has started to make people think that a world were cloning humans is common, is not far away. Positives of cloning We could kill bad genes:Genetic illnesses are deadly killers and soon they might just be the thing that causes most deaths. Since humans will continue to reproduce and create life the damage to DNA lines will increase. Damages to DNA line cans create mutations and dangerous genes, but this threat to our life could be easily eliminated if we clone healthy human cells. We could recover faster after life threating injuries:After someone has been in a terrible accident the complete recovery of that person will be near impossible but that person may be able to heal properly by cloning their own cells to recover the damaged area. No more infertility:Even though there are infertility treatments, what would happen if an infertile couple had a child? The couple would then be able joyfully experience having a family without join through painful procedures, to make themselves fertile. Potential Harms and Disadvantages We could age faster:  Because an older cell is often being used to create a human clone, there is the possibility that this imprinted age could be placed on the growing embryo. This would then create premature aging issues and potentially even premature death, all because of the cloning process. Less individuality:  Even though a human clone is only a genetically exact copy of the cloned person the cloned person might have a loss of individuality since a clone is basically a genetic twin of themselves, not matter how different the two might look. Value of human life might be reduced:If we do clone there will be a possibility the some people might that humans are more of commodity than they are priceless. For example if a couple does not like their child they could just clone a better one, to suit their needs. It might also create a social hierarchy where perfect humans are at the top and the other humans, naturally made are at the bottom. We Should Clone A lot of people have difficulties having children but if we could clone then there would be no difficulty. For example; a couple has their first child but then they find out that they are now infertile and won’t be able to have more children. The process of cloning would let the couple have more children and if they want they could even have a genetic twin of their first child. We Should Not Clone If we do clone there is a chance that the clones will be looked down upon.If we create a clone just so the cloned might get a kidney or bone marrow we have to ask out selves if the parents will look down upon the clone because the only reason he was born was to give a kidney. If the parents do think lower of him then that will result in negative self-esteem and might lead to more homelessness. But there is an even bigger problem what if someone creates perfect soldiers? If this does happen then the world will become corrupted because people will attack others more often and we would start wars. And if the one who wins the war at the end will rule the world and it is not a good thing to let someone who has committed genocide take over the world. Alternatives to cloning Cloning organs for others and for research Advantage(s) Since there are people in the world who need organs, we could transplant cloned organs so no natural human needs to donate an organ. By cloning organs we could replace non-functional organs with going to the trouble of finding a proper donor. If we clone humans and get clones, we can do studies on their bodies to see how a normal human body works because we are not actually harming a real human just a clone. Disadvantage(s) If we create clones or even parts for research most will consider it unethical. We should not look down upon clone, clones are also living creatures and they should be treated just like their cloned counter-parts. Cloning cells Advantage(s) Some scientists believe that by injecting cloned healthy heart cells into damaged heart tissue will lead to healing of the heart (Human Cloning Foundation). If we clone and create stem cells we could inject those cells into the human body and prevent things Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease. There are many great things that could come from cloning but if cloning is not allowed then we could never be able to stop terrible diseases. Disadvantage(s) We don’t have a clue about the negative effect of cloning in the long run.Before cloning we should figure out what could go wrong and try to fix it.In an evolutionary standpoint, cloning is not good. Evolution relies on a continual mixing and matching of genes to keep the gene pool alive (McCormack). With cloning, the natural process of selection of genes would be bypassed and evolution would be impaired. Cloning animals that can be useful for our lives Advantage(s) We already give animals no rights and think we are better than them so why not continue? By cloning animals to create a perfect animal we can get what we want. For example if we clone a poisonous animal we can take its poison and study it and we can also invent medicine to cure poisons form a clone animal so we won’t have to harm a real animal life. Disadvantage(s) If we do clone it would lead to loss of individuality, even for animals. This will be because the animal that is cloned will have its genetic conditions known. This could be a great stress to the clone and possibly even the loss of ability to choose for itself (Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 5). When a farmer knows if an animal has a genetic problem or not he will then decide to keep the animal or to kill it. After all animals do have a mind of their own and they should be allowed to be free in this world My Personal Recommendation After doing some research on the possibilities of cloning, I think finding out how we can clone was a great advancement of knowledge. Even though I think cloning is something that could be helpful for us I don’t think we should find ways to make life besides to natural way. I think we should use the knowledge of cloning to create new organs and cells. I am on the side of cloning cells and organs because I don’t think of it like cloning complete creatures.If we do this it would increase our knowledge of the human body as well as letting us save lives. Conclusion The knowledge of cloning that we have could change the world for ever or if it is banned it could have minimal effect on our daily lives. Cloning is a process that would create human life form asexually. When a clone is born it will have the same genetic material as the cloned, this could be a great thing for humans. But some think that it is unethical to clone. And because people think that cloning is unethical, many countries have banned cloning. In turn it has caused advancement in technology for cloning to slow down. Even though there is still a lot we don’t know about cloning I think it can be used for the good and will one day benefit us.

The Human Animal Essay -- Sociology

Several things make humans different from animals. These include burying of the dead by humans out of respect, humans evolving to stop relying primarily on instinct, humans being aware of themselves, the feeling of wrong and right sense, as well as evil and moral, complex languages and methods of communication by humans, human use of the brain in exceedingly complex ways compared to animals, and human ability to advance technology. The premise of this paper is to delve into the consequences of these differences. The paper will study moral behaviour, human uniqueness, and consciousness or lack of consciousness. The first consequence of the difference between humans and animals is human uniqueness (Levinas, 2004 p48). Any attempt to answer the question of what humanness is should involve a study of the results of seeing people as lacking or having humanness. Consequences of this question include the dehumanization of groups that are despised and the excuse making to explain ones failings as being only human. This question reveals that there exist two direct consequences of humanness: human nature and human uniqueness (Jeeves, 2011 p32). Human nature refers to the attributes seen as typically, essentially, and fundamentally human. Human uniqueness, on the other hand, refers to those attributes that distinguish an animal from a human being. Differences that lead to human uniqueness are a large brain and an erect posture (Levinas, 2004 p49). Human is the only species of vertebrates that possess an erect posture and a gait that is bipedal. While birds are also bipedal, their backbone stands horizontally rather than vertically with the exception of the penguin. Despite kangaroos being bipedal, they do not possess an erect posture, a... ...uences are freely observable, and are what make a human be referred to as so. References Cavalieri, Paola. The Animal Debate: A Reexamination† in In Defense of Animals: The Second . London: Blackwell Publishers,, 2006. Descartes, Rene. From the Letters of 1646 and 1649† in Linda Kalof and Amy Fitzgerald Eds. . Oxford: Berg, 2007. Jeeves, Malcolm A. Rethinking human nature : a multidisciplinary approach. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co, 2011. Johnson, Clarence Sholà ©. Cornel West and Philosophy. London: Routledge,, 2003. Kant, Immanuel. Duties Towards Animals and Spirits† in Lectures on Ethics, trans Louis . New York: The Century Co, 1963. Levinas, Emmanuel. The Name of a Dog, or Natural Rights† in Peter Atterton and Matthew. London: Continuum, 2004. Nitecki, Matthew H. Evolutionary ethics. New York: State Univ. of New York Press, 2003.

The Character of Othello Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

The Character of Othello      Ã‚      Shakespeare's Othello is not simply a play which embodies the conflict between insider and outsider. The paradigm of otherness presented in this play is more complicated than the conclusion, "Othello is different; therefore, he is bad." Othello's character is to be revered. He is a champion among warriors; an advisor among councilmen; a Moor among Venetians. Yes, Othello is a Moor, but within the initial configuration of the play, this fact is almost irrelevant. His difference is not constructed as â€Å"otherness.† Othello, by his nature, is not an â€Å"otherized† character. Besides being the dark-skinned Moor, Othello varies in no real way from the other characters in the play. Further, Othello and Iago can be seen as two sides of the same destructive coin. With Iago as a foil and subversive adversary, Othello is not faulted for the indiscretions he commits. It is the invention and projection of otherness by various characters in the play, especially Ia go, which set the stage for the tragedy of dissimilarity which is to ensue. Continually confronted with his difference, and apparently associated inferiority, Othello eventually ingests and manifests this difference in a violent rage against the symbol and defining emblem of his otherness, Desdemona. Yet, who is to blame? Which character is redeemed through our sympathy so that another can be condemned? Othello, the dark-skinned murdering Moor, himself. The separation of his otherness from explicit and innate evil contrasted with Iago's free-flowing and early-established taste for revenge and punishment, alleviates Othello from responsibility. Surely, Othello has wronged and is to be held reprehensible--with his death--but even this is a self-infli... .../www. Galileo pechnet.edu Bloom, Harold. "Introduction" Modern Critical Interpretations, Othello Ed. Harold Bloom, Pub. Chelsea House New Haven CT 1987. C. W. Slights. "Slaves and Subjects in Othello," Shakespeare Quarterly v48 Winter 1997: 382. J. Adelman. "Iago's Alter Ego: Race as Projection in Othello," Shakespeare Quarterly v48 Summer 1997: 130. Jones, Eldred. "Othello- An Interpretation" Critical Essays on Shakespeare’s Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994. Neely, Carol. "Women and Men in Othello" Critical Essays on Shakespeare’s Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994. Norman Sanders, ed. Othello. Cambridge: New York, 1995: 12. Snyder, Susan. "Beyond the Comedy: Othello" Modern Critical Interpretations, Othello Ed. Harold Bloom, Pub. Chelsea House New Haven CT 1987.   

The Personality of Othello Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othell

The Personality of Othello   Ã‚  Ã‚   Othello’s speech to Brabantio and the Duke in Act 1, Scene 3 is of major importance in describing Othello’s personality. This long speech, found in lines 149 to 196, shows Othello for the first time as a person with depth and less as a soldier. This speech is important to the book as a whole because it is a testimony to the strength of the love between Othello and Desdemona, which will later play a major role in the plot. It is also one of the first times that we see Othello trying to influence his audience with his words. The speech given by Othello is intended to convince Brabantio that Desdemona is with him willfully, and not by â€Å"spells and medicines bought of montebanks† (line 74). Her father loved me, oft invited me, Still questioned me the story of my life From year to year–the (battles,) sieges, (fortunes) That I have passed. I ran it through, even from my boyish days To th' very moment that he bade me tell it, Wherein I spoke of most disastrous chances: Of moving accidents by flood and field, Of hairbreadth 'scapes i' th' imminent deadly breach Of being taken by the insolent foe And portance in my traveler's history, Wherein of antres vast and deserts idle, Rough quarries, rocks, (and) hills whose (heads) touch heaven, It was my hint to speak–such was my process– And of the cannibals that each (other) eat, The Anthropophagi, and men whose heads (Do grow) beneath their shoulders. These things to hear Would Desdemona seriously incline. But still the house affairs would draw her (thence,) Which ever as she could with haste dispatch She'd come again, and with a greedty ear Devour up my discourse. Which I, observing, Took once a pliant hour, and found good means T... ...hakespeare’s Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994. Bartels, Emily C. "Strategies of submission: Desdemona, the Duchess, and the assertion of desire" Studies of English Literature Spring 1996: (Online) accessed. April 27 1999 http://www. Galileo pechnet.edu Bloom, Harold. "Introduction" Modern Critical Interpretations, Othello Ed. Harold Bloom, Pub. Chelsea House New Haven CT 1987. Jones, Eldred. "Othello- An Interpretation" Critical Essays on Shakespeare’s Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994. Neely, Carol. "Women and Men in Othello" Critical Essays on Shakespeare’s Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994. Snyder, Susan. "Beyond the Comedy: Othello" Modern Critical Interpretations, Othello Ed. Harold Bloom, Pub. Chelsea House New Haven CT 1987.      

Leonardo Da Vinci Research Paper

Once there lived a man who was gifted with the power of looking at the same object in many different fashions sometimes as a painter would look at it, sometimes as a naturalist, sometimes as a physicist, at other times as a poet and not one of those fashions was superficial (Valley. 1958). With all the technical advances from today, most artist and inventors are inspired by this man. Leonardo exemplified the resurgence, living, view, and producing art and technology that still characterizes that age of discovery.When people think of Leonardo dad Vinci, usually the first thing that comes to mind is The Dad Vinci Code with Tom Hanks. But in reality people would say he was one of the finest artistic and scientific men of the Italian Renaissance Age. â€Å"The Last Supper† and the â€Å"Mona Lisa† are among one of his finest works of art. These art pieces were way ahead of Dad Vine's time. Leonardo was not Just a painter or artist but he was an inventor responsible for prod ucing designs ranging from early tanks and submarines to the revolutionary â€Å"flying machine. His study and mastery of a wide range of disciplines, including sculpture, philosophy, and engineering, made Leonardo a humbly of the spirit of his age, and the personification of the term â€Å"Renaissance man. â€Å"(Ryan & Adagio, 2005) We could start back when Dad Vinci first was born to see the intellect of a brilliant mind. April 15th, 1452 Leonardo was born in Vinci, Italy. Who knew on that day an infant would grow up to be known as the universal genius. He was raised by his father Piper dad Vinci, a notary in Florence.At an early age Leonardo exhibited a considerable artistic talent so when he was fifteen Leonardo moved to Florence, Italy, this is when is life started to blossom, he was Andrea del Veronica's apprentice. Overarching was a well-known artist for his time and began to show and develop Leonardo in painting and completing sculptures (Goldman. 1997). Leonardo stayed working with Veronica's until he turned 25. He then moved on and spent the next five years painting many different paintings with many different artists. When he reached the age of 30, he moved to Milan, Italy and became a court artist for Duke Alluding Oxfords.Becoming a court artist made Leonardo a Jack-of-all-trades. Not Just known or an artist, Leonardo also was an inventor; there are three tiny little notebooks that house a collection of his works also called the Codex Forester, which are now kept in the Victoria and Alberta Museum in London, England. They are believed to have been written between 1495 and 1497 (Mills, 2008). First let me talk about one of his most famous paintings, â€Å"Last Supper† he began to paint this piece in 1495 and this piece was commissioned by the Duke for the convent of Santa Maria dell Gracie.He tried to complete this painting as a mural on the wall using oil-based paint, but unfortunately the paint did not adhere to the wall and was a comp lete failure. However this brings me to the fabulous painting â€Å"The Mona Lisa†, this painting represents elegance and pure beauty. Leonardo worked on this painting for four years until 1506. In 1506 Dad Vinci abandoned work on the â€Å"Mona Lisa† to be the artistic advisor to the city's French governor â€Å"Charles demise's† at the request of King Louis XII of France . (Ryan & Adagio, 2005) In 1513 Leonardo left Milan and traveled to Rome, Italy at the request of Pope Leo X.Once he arrived he was presented with a spacious art studio to complete more of his work. Dad Vinci remained in Rome for four years, while there he completed only one major piece and that was a series of drawings which were titled â€Å"The Deluge†. Later on in 1517, King Francis I asked Leonardo to France and was going to make him the royal painter, architect, and mechanic to the king. He accepted and was given a salary and a place to live in the palace at Cloud. While he was th ere he became a teacher to a number of young inspiring artists to help them move on into their career.It was a very sad day on the 2nd of May 1 519, this is the day that Leonardo Dad Vinci left this earth to return to our heavenly father in the sky. He was surrounded by the kings court in Cloud when he passed away. Leonardo will always be known for the great artist he was and teacher he has instilled on many of us. I think everyone has a little of Leonardo in them whether it be painting or from inventing to woodworking. When people write they write with their hearts, I know when Leonardo painted it was from his heart.People knew Leonardo dad Vinci as a great painter, but my research also discovered the many different talents this great man had. Being one of the top inventors in the world he was responsible for many of the innovations that had transpired during the renaissance period. He was as much an inventor as an artist. Though he never built many of the inventions he designed, s ome of the things he envisioned in the late sass are in use today, including helicopters and parachutes. Dad Vinci was obsessed with war, and he sketched an armored vehicle that could carry eight men inside and allow them to fire weapons through holes in its walls.He drew ND wrote about what we today call tanks more than 400 years before they were first used in combat during World War l. (Grant, 2010) Leonardo Dad Vinci is the key personality that enlightened the Renaissance with its outstanding talent. Other major figures, such as Francesco Did Giorgio, have left a rich legacy, especially in architecture and machinery design. Now when you close your eyes and picture an airplane or even a bird you could envision yourself in a way that Leonardo Dad Vinci did when he thought out his inventions.

“A Secret Sorrow” by Karen van der Zee and “A Sorrowful Woman” Gail Godwin Essay

In some(prenominal) the excerpts from Kargonn van der Zees novel A sequestered sorrow and in Gail Godwins short yarn A joyless Woman, the games center on ideas of labor union and family. Conversely, spousal relationship and family ar presented in re on the wholey(prenominal) different lights in the devil stories. K atomic number 18n van der Zee presents matrimony with baby birdren as perfect and completely fulfilling it is what Faye, the sensation of A confidential heartache, wants and what is necessary to her mirth. For Godwins unnamed agonist, conjugation and family ar to the highest degree the antithesis of felicitousness her home life studyms to clog up hear and eventu in only in completely(a)y leads her to oddment. A mystery herb of grace directly demolitionorses and kick upstairss union, whereas A pathetic Woman indirectly questions and discourages it.Both of the young-bearing(prenominal) booster units in the ii stories experience a confl ict. In A out of imaginativeness rue Fayes conflict comes before the wedding party. She is opinion with misery and torment because she can non have chel ben and fears that this volition prevent her from marrying the man she cont s terminate aways. Both she and her be have it mop upd, Kai, appetency wedlock with children, and van der Zee suggests that solitary(prenominal) with these things go forth they truly be happy. Faye feels that her softness to have children is a fatal smirch that cuts her collide with from Kais coerce do. Every cadence we squ atomic number 18 mangle some pregnant char, all(prenominal) clip were with somebody elses children Ill feel Ive failed you (Zee 35).Fayes disquiet and fear are establish on the thought of losing her be sleep withd Kai, t obliterateed to(p) by n perpetually having children. In A abject Woman, however, the conflict comes after the wedding party, when the cleaning lady has already secured her husband and child. U n equal Faye, who would be ecstatic in this cleaning cleaning ladys detail, the protagonist of Godwins bill is not. inquisitively enough, her husband and son bring her over a good deal(prenominal) sorrow that eventually she is unable to see them at all, communicating still through and through notes stuck under her bed way of life door. Godwins face has a loving husband and child, soon enough in spite of this, she is still alter with grief. This sense of defeat is unimaginable when compared to a Harlequin romance because it goes against the assumption that the backup is happily ever after.In A secluded heartbreak, married couple is visualised as the resolution. Van der Zee whole kit to present the endorser with the idea that exclusively when with this aspect will Faye be carry out and happy it is what the entire written report, with all the diagramtwists and romantic interludes, kit and boodle toward. Marriage is akinwise the end in A bereaved Woman moreo ver not as expected it is quite literally the end of the cleaning cleaning ladys life. Though mavin doesnt see what her life was like before her emotional crisis, on that point are hints of it. When she moves into a new bedroom, away from her husband, she mentions beholding the streets from a whole new perspective, which suggests the preceding sameness of her daily life. In addition, when the woman bakes pies and bread and washes and folds the laundry, her son says, Shes well-worn from doing all our things again, (Godwin 42). This gives the ratifier the idea of what our things was and what the woman did with her quantify before her crisis.The humdrum of wedding is absent in A cloistered Sorrow. Fayes unfitness to have children does not end Kais eff for her, instead, the dickens go on to marry and scoop children. Fayes espouse life is draw in a very perfect way she raises her son and dickens daughters in a white ranch dwelling under the blue skies of Texas (Zee 37 ). Once she is get hitched with and has children, there is no more apprehension because the plot leads sensation to the conclusion that marriage solves all problems and is a pedigree of utter(a) happiness. This greatly differs from Godwins tale, which takes place in winter and maintains a sense of cold.Whenever Godwin describes the family, it is in terms that suggest weight, guilt, or failure. The childs trusting gaze take aims the protagonist begin yelping without tears (Godwin 39). some(prenominal) sign of life or do increases her sorrow and makes her want solitary. One fact in point is when the hired short girlfriend brings her son to visit her with a grounder hes foundsomething both(prenominal) alive and from the outside world she gets very upset and forces her husband to fire the girl. It would await that the girl is alike oft of an incursion on her space, alike ofttimes of a reminder of what she can no durable be.The discrepancy between the dickens beginn ings illustrations of marriage is most apparent when both women are viewing their families. Faye, sitting with her husband and ceremony her children play, feels that life was good and make full moon with love (Zee 37). Godwins protagonist, on the other hand, articulates, The circumstances of them fed up(p)e her so sad and sepulchral she did not want to see them ever again (Godwin 38).When Kai, now her husband, embraces Faye, she feels,There was love in his embrace and love in his words and in her heart there was no room for doubt, no room for sorrow (Zee 37). When Godwins heroine feels the loving consult of her husbands arm and the coddle of her child, she cannot bear it any drawn-out and cuts out all direct contact with them. The pip of her marriage forces her into a self-imposed irons and indolence.She feels agonizingly poignant because she can no longer be who they want and affect her to be. She avoids them not because she does not love them just now rather because she loves them so much that it is likewise painful to see them and in addition hard for them to feel her failure. The axiom to Godwins tommyrot tells us that Once upon a sequence there was a wife and a mother angiotensin-converting enzyme too umteen multiplication (Godwin 38). The addition of i too umteen multiplication to this tralatitious degree opening forces the idea of repetition and monotony it suggests that it is not the state of being a wife and mother that is innately frightful but rather the fact that that is all Godwins graphic symbol is. Day in and day out, too many times over, the woman is just a wife and a mother, and it isnt enough for her.In van der Zees written report there could be no such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) thing as too much motherhood or too much of being a wife. When Fayes fears of losing Kai are assuaged, and she is happily married, it is as though a great weight has been lifted off her. Alternatively, Godwins character feels her marriage as a great weight pressure sensation on her which results in her immobilization. When she leaves her room for a day and puts out freshly cook bread for her husband and son, they express their happiness in the notes they write to her that night, and the force of the both joyful notespressed her into the corner of the niggling room she hardly had space to fleet (Godwin 42). Faye can be a traditional wife and mother, so her family is a ejaculate of joy. However, in Godwins characters pillow slip, she can no longer be the traditional wife and mother, the representation of her cause failure, which inevitably draws her guilt to push her come along and gain ground into herself until she can retreat no further and ends her life.The closing stages of the two stories are powerful illustrations of the differences between them. In the end of A Secret Sorrow the beginning shows the reader Fayes feelings beautiful, complete, whole (Zee 38) in her roleas a wife and mother. Godwin, on the other hand, leaves the audience with the protagonist dead on her bed. Godwin seems to give the reader hope by showing all that the woman has d 1 when she says, the put up smelled redolently of regeneration and spring (Godwin 42). This makes the misfortune even harder when mavin discovers, along with the husband and child, the womans closing. The ambiguous way the death of Godwins unnamed protagonist is dealt with reinforces the authors negative tone towards marriage. It isnt explicitly written as suicide however, Godwin seems to hike her readers to see it as the inevitable military issue of her marriage.Van der Zee creates a figment broad of emotional highs and lows, but one that leads up to and ends with marriage. After the marriage all of the plot twists and traumas come to a halt, replaced with heartsease and happiness. Faye is brought to new life by her marriage and children she finds fulfillment of all of her relishs in them. Godwins romance, however, i s full of post marital apprehension and confusion. The character she creates is stifled and unquestionably unrealised by her marriage.A burst of yeasty energy right before her death produces, among other things, a sheath of marvellous watercolor beasts go with by dotty and fanciful stories nobody could ever make up again, and a tablet full of love sonnets addressed to the man (Godwin 42). It is attain that the woman had talents and desires not met by the chip duties of her marital life. For Faye, the protagonist of A Secret Sorrow, marriage is the happily-ever-after ending she has treasured all of her life for Godwins protagonist, marriage is just a monotonous and undying ever after. In any case, serviceman cannot bear too much reality. kit and boodle CitedGodwin, Gail. A Sorrowful Woman. 38-42.Van der Zee, Karen. A Secret Sorrow. 30-38.A Secret Sorrow by Karen van der Zee and A Sorrowful Woman Gail Godwin EssayIn both the excerpts from Karen van der Zees novel A Secret S orrow and in Gail Godwins short report card A Sorrowful Woman, the plots center on ideas of marriage and family. Conversely, marriage and family are presented in very different lights in the two stories. Karen van der Zee presents marriage with children as perfect and completely fulfilling it is what Faye, the protagonist of A Secret Sorrow, wants and what is necessary to her happiness. For Godwins unnamed protagonist, marriage and family are nearly the antithesis of happiness her home life seems to strangulate hear and eventually leads her to death. A Secret Sorrow directly endorses and encourages marriage, whereas A Sorrowful Woman indirectly questions and discourages it.Both of the female protagonists in the two stories experience a conflict. In A Secret Sorrow Fayes conflict comes before the marriage. She is soft on(p) with misery and torment because she cannot have children and fears that this will prevent her from marrying the man she loves. Both she and her beloved, Kai, desire marriage with children, and van der Zee suggests that only with these things will they truly be happy. Faye feels that her inability to have children is a fatal mistake that cuts her off from Kais love. Every time we see some pregnant woman, each time were with somebody elses children Ill feel Ive failed you (Zee 35). Fayes anxiety and fear are ground on the thought of losing her beloved Kai, accompanied by never having children.In A Sorrowful Woman, however, the conflict comes after the marriage, when the woman has already secured her husband and child. Unlike Faye, who would be ecstatic in this womans situation, the protagonist of Godwins boloney is not. strangely enough, her husband and son bring her such sorrow that eventually she is unable to see them at all, communicating only through notes stuck under her bedroom door. Godwins character has a loving husband and child, however in spite of this, she is still filled with grief. This sense of defeat is unimaginable w hen compared to a Harlequin romance because it goes against the assumption that the tolerate is happily ever after.In A Secret Sorrow, marriage is depicted as the resolution. Van der Zee works to present the reader with the idea that only with this aspect will Faye be finish and happy it is what the entire story, with all the plottwists and romantic interludes, works toward. Marriage is as well the end in A Sorrowful Woman but not as expected it is quite literally the end of the womans life. Though one doesnt see what her life was like before her emotional crisis, there are hints of it. When she moves into a new bedroom, away from her husband, she mentions visual perception the streets from a whole new perspective, which suggests the preceding(prenominal) monotony of her daily life. In addition, when the woman bakes pies and bread and washes and folds the laundry, her son says, Shes well-worn from doing all our things again, (Godwin 42). This gives the reader the idea of what our things was and what the woman did with her time before her crisis.The monotony of marriage is absent in A Secret Sorrow. Fayes inability to have children does not end Kais love for her, instead, the two go on to marry and take up children. Fayes married life is set forth in a very idyllic way she raises her son and two daughters in a white ranch house under the blue skies of Texas (Zee 37). Once she is married and has children, there is no more anxiety because the plot leads one to the conclusion that marriage solves all problems and is a source of pure(a) happiness. This greatly differs from Godwins tale, which takes place in winter and maintains a sense of cold.Whenever Godwin describes the family, it is in terms that suggest weight, guilt, or failure. The childs trusting gaze makes the protagonist begin yelping without tears (Godwin 39). whatsoever sign of life or love increases her sorrow and makes her want solitary. One case in point is when the hired girl brings her so n to visit her with a grounder hes foundsomething both alive and from the outside world she gets very upset and forces her husband to fire the girl. It would have the appearance _or_ semblance that the girl is too much of an infringement on her space, too much of a reminder of what she can no longer be.The discrepancy between the two authors illustrations of marriage is most apparent when both women are viewing their families. Faye, sitting with her husband and watching her children play, feels that life was good and filled with love (Zee 37). Godwins protagonist, on the other hand, articulates, The sight of them made her so sad and unhinged she did not want to see them ever again (Godwin 38).When Kai, now her husband, embraces Faye, she feels,There was love in his embrace and love in his words and in her heart there was no room for doubt, no room for sorrow (Zee 37). When Godwins heroine feels the loving touch of her husbands arm and the fondle of her child, she cannot bear it any longer and cuts off all direct contact with them. The situation of her marriage forces her into a self-imposed immurement and indolence.She feels agonizingly poignant because she can no longer be who they want and pick up her to be. She avoids them not because she does not love them but rather because she loves them so much that it is too painful to see them and too troublesome for them to feel her failure. The axiom to Godwins story tells us that Once upon a time there was a wife and a mother one too many times (Godwin 38). The addition of one too many times to this traditional story opening forces the idea of repetition and monotony it suggests that it is not the state of being a wife and mother that is innately fearsome but rather the fact that that is all Godwins character is. Day in and day out, too many times over, the woman is just a wife and a mother, and it isnt enough for her.In van der Zees story there could be no such thing as too much motherhood or too much of be ing a wife. When Fayes fears of losing Kai are assuaged, and she is happily married, it is as though a great weight has been lifted off her. Alternatively, Godwins character feels her marriage as a great weight air pressure on her which results in her immobilization. When she leaves her room for a day and puts out freshly cook bread for her husband and son, they express their happiness in the notes they write to her that night, and the force of the two joyful notespressed her into the corner of the little room she hardly had space to sigh (Godwin 42). Faye can be a traditional wife and mother, so her family is a source of joy. However, in Godwins characters case, she can no longer be the traditional wife and mother, the representation of her hold failure, which inevitably draws her guilt to push her further and further into herself until she can retreat no further and ends her life.The closing stages of the two stories are powerful illustrations of the differences between them. In the end of A Secret Sorrow the author shows the reader Fayes feelings beautiful, complete, whole (Zee 38) in her roleas a wife and mother. Godwin, on the other hand, leaves the audience with the protagonist dead on her bed. Godwin seems to give the reader hope by showing all that the woman has done when she says, the house smelled redolently of novelty and spring (Godwin 42). This makes the misfortune even harder when one discovers, along with the husband and child, the womans death. The ambiguous way the death of Godwins unnamed protagonist is dealt with reinforces the authors negative tone towards marriage. It isnt explicitly written as suicide however, Godwin seems to encourage her readers to see it as the inevitable takings of her marriage.Van der Zee creates a story full of emotional highs and lows, but one that leads up to and ends with marriage. After the marriage all of the plot twists and traumas come to a halt, replaced with mollification and happiness. Faye is broug ht to new life by her marriage and children she finds fulfillment of all of her desires in them. Godwins story, however, is full of post marital fear and confusion. The character she creates is stifled and unquestionably unsuccessful by her marriage.A burst of seminal energy right before her death produces, among other things, a sheath of wonderful watercolor beasts accompanied by mad and fanciful stories nobody could ever make up again, and a tablet full of love sonnets addressed to the man (Godwin 42). It is heart-to-heart that the woman had talents and desires not met by the office duties of her marital life. For Faye, the protagonist of A Secret Sorrow, marriage is the happily-ever-after ending she has treasured all of her life for Godwins protagonist, marriage is just a monotonous and perpetual ever after. In any case, man cannot bear too much reality. whole caboodle CitedGodwin, Gail. A Sorrowful Woman. 38-42.Van der Zee, Karen. A Secret Sorrow. 30-38.