Music and Adolescence free essay sample

Music is an abstract form of human expression, and can mean deferent things to different people, but It has been a part of every culture on this planet, now or anytime In recorded history (Check Berger, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Adolescence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whether It is individual listening, a concert, party, a dance, or a rite of passage, music contributes to a big part of many adolescents lives across the globe. It has been estimated that from seventh to 12 the grade, the average adolescent spends over two hours per day listening to music.By looking at the extent of the music consumption in the lives of adolescents, it is readily apparent that music plays an important part in their lives (North, Harvested ONeill, 2000). Music holds the power to influence many aspects of adolescents lives, both positively and negatively. It can relax or energize the body, influence cognitive development, enhance self-healing, and foster both comfort and discomfort (Essence Berger, 2006). In this paper, we will look at the effects that music can have on developing adolescent lives, socially, emotionally, and cognitively.There are many ways in which music plays an important role in the social development of adolescents. According touchstone and Katz (Bibb music has important outcomes for the their colonization, because music and peer affiliations provide adolescents with escalating social opportunities and relationships. This preferred music of peers who are admired at this time, whether for sound or travel reason, is likely to become the affiliating party choice (as cited in Miranda Class, 2009). Simon Firth (1987) acknowledges teenage identify formation as one of the main social functions of their music (as cited in Campbell et al, 2007).Teens fill their lives with music, gather around it, talk about it, all in a spirit of sociability. High schools bear witness to many cliques who mark themselves by their music and provide a way for adolescents to identify with oth ers, in their process of solidification (Despond, 1987). Many books and articles have been written suggesting that sub-cultures form around different genres of pop-music. One factor that motivates adolescents to listen to music, are the benefits It brings with a sense of belonging with peers (North Harvested, 1999).Music can help dollish boundaries between those of different ethnic, or social backgrounds. (Campbell et al, 2007) One 13 year old said hat music gave her a sense of a having a place to belong, both inside and outside the walls of school. Once a group focuses on a particular style of music, its members benefit, as they have defined themselves as part of a cultural elite, and attain the emotional gratifications of belonging. (Zillion Gang) page 60 of Social Physiology of Music Edited by Harvested North.. One possible reason that adolescents might gravitate to particular styles of music, is as a means of helping them to define their own identities. A preference for a certain style of music can carry a message to other adolescents, in regards to where they think they belong with their personal attitudes, characteristics and values. Studies show that adolescents use their music preferences as a way of telling others about themselves (North Harvested, 1999). Rock music Is often a natural target of Interest for adolescents, and one reason may be that it can open the exploration of emerging sexual thoughts and feelings.The create state of mind in which fantasy and ones own body Join together (Terror, 2001). Teens listen to music that their friends listen to, form bonds or social groups with people they want to belong with, so musical preferences become a sense of belonging for both personal and group identity (Levities, 2006). Brown Klutz (2003) found that in adolescence, social identity and relationships undergo tremendous changes, as the teen shifts their relationship from parents to peers (as cited in Miranda Grandeur, 2011). There is a link between this transitional time an adolescent is going through of parental protection to independence, and their desire for seeking and Joining a preference culture that serves as a connection to their maturity (Zillion Gang). According to Larson Ekberg (1995), music can form an Important part of the adolescent emerging from the cocoon of familial identity (as cited in Campbell et al 2007). This function of breaking away from parents, is found in some genres of music that include lyrics that express defiance of those who are perceived to control the lives of adolescents. Zillion Gang). According to Bleach, Zillion Weaver (1991), some studies indicate that teens who listen to certain rebellious forms of music such as heavy metal or rap, may also be more likely to engage in delinquent behaviors (as cited in North Harvested, 1999). In other instances, music has also been shown to promote family bonding and communication between adolescents and parents (Miranda Gaudi er, 2010). Music can also play an important role in the emotional development of adolescents. Ere power of music to evoke emotions is evident in advertisements, movies, and mothers.Music can affect adolescents emotionally at a level deeper than is possible Ninth words alone (Terror, 2001). It is used to manipulate our emotions to deeper levels because the emotions we experience in response to music take part in the cortex; the heart of emotional processing (Levities, 2006). Music can evoke both relaxation or stimulation and can also open up channels of self-expression. For the teenager this can provide a means of coping with powerful emotions and fantasies during this critical period of development.For some adolescents it can create a feeling of safety, Inhere they feel free to express feelings. It enables them to connect with, and share feelings of love, longing, anger, sadness, rage, grief, longing, as well as to experience both closeness and isolation. It can give shelter to the distressed and confused adolescent. This process of expressing emotions with music, can help the adolescent o transition from childhood gratification to work on changes and dreams connected Ninth adolescence (Terror, 2001).Self-esteem is an important part of an adolescents development and the emotional support and social approval from others can influence a childs self esteem (Contracts, MacKenzie-Rivers, Malison, Lung, (2011). Studies show that adolescents preferences of music reflected an attempt to match their own self concept, with perceptions of the people who typically listen to that style. Higher levels of self esteem were also noted to be associated with adolescents identifying themselves ore strongly with a particular musical sub culture (North Harvested, 1999).Studies have shown that music can be associated with mental health issues in suicide, self harm, depression, drug and alcohol abuse, and recklessness (Eking, rapacious, Topology, Subconsc ious, Barker, 2012). However, there is a bidirectional relationship between music preferences and mental health issues. While preference for certain types of music may be red flags for mental health problems, it may also be true that preferring these music types reflects the real cause of the problems (Eking et al). For instance, there has been much controversy over the influence of heavy metal music and teenage suicide.A couple decades ago, two famous heavy metal bands were unsuccessfully sued by the parents of suicide dictum adolescents, because their music was being played while the adolescents died. Seeking et al) Studies indicate that preference for heavy metal music among adolescents may be a red flag for increased suicidal vulnerability, but the results also confirm that the characteristics of adolescents play a more important role as risk factors to suicidal behaviors, than their musical preference (Shell Westfield, 999).In one study, heavy metal music listeners were found to have a significant increase in positive attitude after listening to the music they prefer (Eking et al, 2012). Other studies confirmed that, for the majority of teenagers, listening to all genres of music has a positive effect on mood (Shell Westfield,1999). Music techniques have also been shown to be an effective method of treating adolescent mental health issues, because an adolescents life is in many ways, centered around and heavily influenced by music (Davis, Hendricks, Robinson Bradley 1999). There re also many ways in which music plays an important role in the cognitive development of adolescents. According to Arent Larson (1995), music has been found to provide adolescents with a medium which to construct, negotiate and modify aspects of their personal identity, offering them a range of strategies for knowing themselves and connecting with others (as cited in Campbell et al, 2007). It is in the adolescent years, that one begins to discover that there exists a world of different ideas, different cultures and different ideas (Levities, 2006).Students claimed hat they were not only intrigued by, but also thought it was important to know music as a means of understanding other civilizations, musics role in history, or stories of composers and performers. Music was described as an asset to shaping the broader sense of themselves, and how they might use what they know to be successful in the Nor (Campbell et al, 2007). It has been shown that musical activity involves nearly every region of the brain that En know about.Therefore, it should be no surprise that music might enhance reasoning, motor functions, computation, auditory discernment, and coordination in adolescents lives (Hellenic, 2010). Studies have shown that the brain that is engaged in music undergoes neurological changes, and the findings suggest that music stimulates complex cognitive processes (That, 2008). The adolescence brain is forming new connections at an explosive rate, and this applies to the music heard and performed; new music connects other parts of the brain to what we were listening to during this critical period (Levities, 2006).It is interesting to note that deteriorates, many of these elderly people can still remember the songs they heard En they were fourteen! It has been observed that the reason the brain remembers this, is that our teenage years were filled with many new emotional components and our magical and neurotransmitters acted to tag these memories (Levities, 2006). According to Gigged et al (as cited in Hellenic, 2010), adolescence is a period of synaptic pruning that strengthens the connections that are used more frequently and eliminates the ones that are not; this is influenced by things in which the adolescent participates.Chemistry Holland claim that both musical and mathematical processing access those synapses. So, the individual who is practicing USIA is also strengthening the neural connections that control mathematical reasoning (as cited in Hellenic, 2010). Formal music instruction during ones middle school years, indicates additional educational benefits for achievement in other academic areas, particularly in mathematics. Adolescence psychogenesis might present a window of opportunity during middle school for music to create and strengthen enduring neural connections in those regions (Hellenic, 2010).Barr and Christensen have noted that learning to read music involves manipulating patterns and symbols, which are fundamental concepts in algebra. If music and mathematics utilize the same general cortical areas, then the practice of one should influence the other (as cited in Hellenic, 2010). That could explain why the music instruction seems to enhance achievement in other areas such as math. According to Moran 2004), music teachers also assert that studying music fosters creativity, diverse thinking, and problem-solving skills (as cited in Hellenic, 2010).Based on the above studies and contemplations, I conclude that music can have a significant impact on social, cognitive and emotion development of an adolescents fife. So, how can this information be applied to the paraprofessional position of a teac hers assistant in the school system? A teachers assistant can be aware of the role and the effects that music can play in a students life and use it in several ways. Ay showing an interest in what kind of music a teenage student likes, it can communicate to the student an interest in their lives and help build a rapport with them.

History of Organizational Communication Essays

History of Organizational Communication Essays History of Organizational Communication Essay History of Organizational Communication Essay History of the Field Reflection Paper| What is organizational communication? As a field organizational communication studies exactly what it sounds like the communication in organization. Defining the particulars of this often comes down to the researcher and the perspective that skew their opinions on the field. These subtle differences are why it takes Papa, Daniels and Spiker almost 16 pages to express their definition of their field of study. The organizational experiences of an individual have a huge influence on the individual’s opinion and definition. Despite this all communication that involves two or more members of an organization constitutes organizational communication. It does not have to pertain to the organization, but can be to build a relationship. To actually develop a short definition for organizational let alone organizational communication. There is no way to box this field because of the changes that has occurred over its short life and the wide expanses that it covers. However, it is essential as a future professional in an organization to create this personal philosophy and refine it often. For me this class and article has changed my view on the definition of organizational communication. For the past several years I have defined the term as communication within a business, but now I see that it encompasses a large majority of the communication that occurs. The influence of organizations has increased to a point that it defines our culture. It has done this to a point that our local, national and global communities could be defined as an organization. However, analyzing the influence of small scale interpersonal communication on the â€Å"global organization† is not feasible. Because of this the study of organizations is focused mostly on the members that have a direct and significant influence on an organization they are involved with. This ranges from CEO’s, managers, employees and customers. The communication between the groups and within each group is going to vary greatly, and it also depends on the role that each individual is in. With the near limitless communication possibilities in organizations makes it fascinating to look at how the communication facilitates the development of community in an organization Even by limiting organizational communication to this smaller sect of the globe it still accounts for almost all communication that an individual participates in outside of the family and relationships. As the article details that before leaving the house the influence organizations have on individuals is huge. This also goes further because a large part of the interaction in an organization is between peers both inside and outside of t he physical container of the organization. Since the development organizational communication the changes in perspectives has changed rapidly and drastically. With this change the area of study has also shifted. The traditional perspective was trying to use communication as a tool on their machine to slim down and increase their profits. Since then the view has changed to how communication works and how it can affect social issues within an organizations. As a field the widening the base of study is essential to the growth of the field and organizations. Defining organizational communication is an adventure into communication and all of its intricacies. The field is as flexible as the organizations it both creates and portrays, but also relates to other fields of study in communication and other social sciences. True understanding of organizations and the communication within will only come through the study of current perspectives and keeping an open mind to new organization types. What is the value of studying organizational communication? Through studying organizational communication we look at the daily communication of almost every individual in the modern world. If we do not study this integral part of our lives we would be missing out on a huge part of human communication. Being able to analyze different aspects of communication further builds our understanding of our own interests. Organizational communication integrates a variety of communication sub sects making analysis much easier. Organizational communication gives an interesting perspective on other areas of communication as well. The stresses that occur in the workplace drive communication to be a success of failure. This mixed with the wide variety characters in the organizational melting pot it gives researchers a chance to look at interracial, nterpersonal and group communication on a regular basis that otherwise would be much harder to look at. Also studying organizational communication gives companies and individuals to improve their communication and the efficiency of their business. Without communication nothing in an organization can be accomplished. Through studying organizations and then applying the results an organization can improve its profits with little cost and time. Individual s who study any communication let alone organizational communication have a huge advantage in organizational life. This is the biggest reason that I chose to study organizational communication is to give me a greater understanding of how communication works both in everyday life, but also in the professional world. As with any other young and growing field if you do not study its past you have no chance to make it. The personal and professional benefits of studying this field are amazing. With the global change from small family businesses to large global organizations it is necessary to stay current with the trends of all aspects of the organizations that are taking over the world. What two or three specific bits of information did you find most surprising, interesting, or valuable and why? The most valuable part of this article, and even this assignment was to develop a better understanding of the field that I am studying. When I first started in this minor I never had a good understanding of the organizational part of organizational communication. Through this article there has been a development of understanding, and a new ability to apply the information I have studied for the last three years. Every time I hear or read about how young the field of organizational communication is its really astounding how much it has grown. Even with the substantial amount of research drawn on from other fields the rate of growth detracts nothing from the acceptance throughout the organizational community. Being in a communication program it is required that I say that communication is the basis of everything. Having some of the most powerful people in the world acknowledge this young field makes it a lot easier to justify this point of view. The interpretive perspective brings organizations to a level of abstraction that really shows the importance of communication. The construction of reality through communication has been intriguing to me since it was mentioned in one of my early communication classes. With the interaction between members of an organization there is no way for it to be anything less than the sum of its parts. The judgment of the parts and the sum is as subjective as the example of the five dollar bill. These three parts of the chapter pulled at me strongly because they bring out the uniqueness and importance of communication. What is something interesting and/or valuable about the history of organizational communication that you discovered from sources beyond the assigned reading? While reading through this chapter I had a hard time trying to find something really intriguing, so I looked for an interesting name on the references page for an interesting name. All of this lead me to Organizational trust: What it means, why it matters from the Organization Development Journal and was written by Shockley-Zalabak, Ellis and Winograd and was published in the winter of 2000. After reading through the abstract I was hooked into a very interesting article about how trust can increase productivity. Although the article is not specifically about the history of organizational communication it does the field to other organizational fields, and even acknowledges that without communication building trust we be near impossible. By being honest with your employees the since of community can grow. This is especially important when it comes to groups and teams in an organization. Without trust a group can never bridge that gap to achieve teamness. In order to build trust in a team it takes communication that meets all of the parts the authors are testing in the article. Trust to some degree is an underlying factor in all communication in general, but for an organization trust is money. One of the most important parts of this article was the idea of identification with a company. If an employee agrees with the values of the company and the company’s product they will be more productive making the company and themselves more productive. Working for a company that you feel like you can brag to your family and friends about is something unique and a powerful motivator. Relating the work of Kenneth Burke, organizations, teams and communication in an article was sure to interest someone in our program, and it does reaffirm previous studies relating to the foundations of the field. Almost all research dealing with organizations are going to have direct ties to the communication field because of how interrelated they are, and the relative youth. For the field to continue to grow we must focus on the past and the ever changing face of organizations in a global market.

Araby by James Joyce Essay Example for Free

‘Araby’ by James Joyce Essay What impression of Dublin and its people does James Joyce give in his story ‘Araby’? James Augustine Alrysius Joyce, an Irish writer, was born in Dublin 2nd February 1882 and died in Zurich, Switzerland 13th January 1941. He was born into a well-off Catholic family and was the eldest surviving child; two of his siblings died of typhoid. Joyce was originally educated at Clongowes Wood College, a boarding school in County Kildare, which he left at the age of 6 because his father could no longer pay the fees. James Joyce studied at home for a brief period of time before being offered a place in the Jesuits’ Dublin School. At the age of 16 he rejected Catholicism which changed his life completely. At the age of 20, after graduating from the UDC (University College Dublin) he left for Paris and tried studying different occupations like teaching, journalism and even a doctor. At the age of 21 he returned to Ireland after receiving news that his mother was diagnosed with cancer. After she had died James Joyce became a heavy drinker but gradually stopped as he got over her death. He then stayed in Dublin for a period of time from 1904-1907 writing the â€Å"Dubliners† and also started many other books. The book â€Å"Dubliners† is a collection of short stories and â€Å"Araby†, like all of them, have â€Å"paralysis† meaning that they can’t leave Dublin. For example in the short story â€Å"Clay† Maria has the chance to make a new life and leave Dublin but turns it down because she is too scared. This also occurs in â€Å"A Painful Case† and â€Å"Eveline†, as they don’t have to courage to leave Dublin. In the short story â€Å"The Boarding House†, Bob Doran wishes to leave Dublin but can’t because he is trapped inside marriage. Most of the short stories, unlike â€Å"Araby†, go in circles, for instance, â€Å"Two Gallants† when Lenehan just wanders around Dublin. This also occurs in â€Å"The Dead† because a horse just goes around and around in circles, and also in â€Å"An Encounter† when a pervert tries to stop but end back in the same perverted world. At the end of the short stories James Joyce always write an epiphany, which is a revelation, but in all but one story the revelation is only noticed by the reader but in â€Å"Araby† both the reader and the protagonist – the protagonist is the main character – have an epiphany – an epiphany is a moment of revelation, usually at the end of the story. In the streets of Dublin James Joyce writes them as being â€Å"blind†, meaning that it’s a dead end and there is nothingness, it also means that you can’t escape and there is nowhere to go (there is no way of getting out of Dublin). The main reason is that there is no vision, meaning that you can’t see how terrible and run down Ireland really is. He describes all things by the colours â€Å"brown† and â€Å"yellow† that symbolises human excrements. He writes â€Å"the lamps of the street lifted their feeble lanterns†, the word â€Å"feeble† shows that the light is not even strong enough to even penetrate the darkness. â€Å"Jostled by drunken men and bargaining women†, the word bargaining in this case can mean two things. The first meaning of it is that they are just selling items and changing the prices of them, and the second meaning is that the women are bargaining for their bodies, they are prostitutes. There are â⠂¬Å"street singers† who sing about the problems in Ireland. Also that weather is always extremely violent, and this is shown by the words â€Å"cold air stung us†, â€Å"rain impinge upon the earth† and â€Å"the air was pitilessly raw†. Religion in Dublin is exceedingly poor. In the second paragraph it says â€Å"a priest, had died† showing that the faith in Dublin has disappeared off the face of the earth. Inside the house of the dead priest there were books that were â€Å"curled and damp† meaning that the interest in them was lost. The books were â€Å"The Abbot† which is a religious story, â€Å"The Devout Communicant† which is a book on how to receive Holy Communion well and the last one â€Å"The Memoirs of Vidocq† which is about a thief. The books are muddled up indicating that religion in Ireland is a sham. When it talks about the priest again it first says â€Å"very charitable priest† making you think that the priest was a good man, and suddenly says â€Å"in his will he had left all his money to institutions and the furniture of his house to his sister† presenting the complete opposite. This means that the priest was only charitable went he knew he was dieing and he wasn’t a nice man. In the dead priest’s â€Å"wild garden† there is an apple tree in the centre signifying the Garden of Eden which is a source of evil. In a bush in the garden, there is a â€Å"rusty bicycle-pump†, this can denote three things. The first description of the bicycle-pump is that there is no escape because, if you can’t pump up your tires, then you can’t go anywhere. The second explanation represents the snake, or Satan, in the Garden of Eden because the pump is approximately the same size a snake. The last reason, symbolizes a heart, meaning that, because the heart is not pumping, there is no love or life in Dublin, symbolizing that everything is hopeless. A good part in the story when you know that religion is just a phoney in Dublin is when the boy’s Aunt says â€Å"I’m afraid you may have to put off your bazaar for this night of Our Lord† actually saying that he should just forget about it in a nasty way. Although she I using religious word she is using them without kindness, meaning that she is not caring about him. The family life in Dublin isn’t very pleasant either. In the beginning of the book, the boy says â€Å"if my Uncle was seen turning the corner, we hid in the shadow† indicating that he doesn’t live with his parents, and also that he’s scared of him. On the night of the bazaar his Uncle came home late, â€Å"I heard him talking to himself† meaning he was obviously drunk and had forgotten all about Araby. The love in Dublin is bland. For the boy he loves and stalks â€Å"Mangan’s sister†. She is called thins because he doesn’t actually know her name so he names her â€Å"Mangan’s sister†. He defines her as â€Å"light† because he thinks of Dublin as the dark and Mangan’s sister as a light to brighten up Dublin. When he looks at her â€Å"her dress swung as she moved her body, and the soft rope of her hair tossed from side to side†, she is describes as lively and everyone else is not. â€Å"Followed her†, or stalking her is the meaning, â€Å"I kept her ‘brown’ figure always in my eye†, â€Å"brown† indicating that she is actually just an ordinary person with nothing special about her. Within one paragraph there are five words â€Å"chalice†, â€Å"prayers†, â€Å"praises†, â€Å"tears† and â€Å"adoration†, he describes her with religious word, and because he left Catholicism she is now his secular religion (one without God). She is also like music to his ears because it says â€Å"my body was like a harp and her words and gestures were like fingers running upon the wires†. Also showing that he uses her in a secular religion is a sentence saying â€Å"I pressed the palms of my hands together until they trembled, murmuring: ‘O love! O love! many times† showing that he worships her a lot. â€Å"At last she spoke to me†, this is the moment he was waiting for the whole time. She then talks about â€Å"Araby† and says she can’t go. While she was talking to him â€Å"she turned a sliver bracelet†, silver indicating bright. In two sentences he uses six words to describe how radiant and bright she is and how drawn he is to her, they are â€Å"light†, â€Å"lamp†, â€Å"white†, â€Å"lit†, â€Å"lit† and â€Å"†white†, repeating â€Å"white† and â€Å"lit†. â€Å"Waking and sleep thoughts† and â€Å"chafed against the work of school† imply that he can’t do anything besides thinking about Araby and Mangan’s sister, and it also says â€Å"I strove to read† hinting the same thing. â€Å"Lie at the window† signals that he stalks and spies on Mangan’s sister, and he is â€Å"singing† because he is happy about getting Mangan’s sister a present. Lastly he has a sexual desire for Mangan’s sister because it says â€Å"border below the dress† suggesting that he is growing quite fast and is into the puberty stage of life. â€Å"Araby† is a fair or, a â€Å"bazaar† – which is a foreign word from the east. In the boy’s eyes, â€Å"Araby† is an exotic place that gets away from all the darkness of Dublin. Also Araby is close to the word Arabia which is in the east signifying that it’s exotic, rich. And because it is in the east it signifies that the sunrise comes from the east, representing a new day, a new hope, a new light. Also Jesus resurrected in the east, epitomizing a new beginning or day. When he eventually arrives to Araby, he goes around the stalls and finds that most of them are closed. There is one that is open but when he sees the people at the stall he discovers they all speak in English accents indicating that the bazaar is not exotic at all. A â€Å"young lady†, who is probably a prostitute, because she is seen flirting with two men at the same time, asks the boy if he wants to buy anything but he says â€Å"no, thank you†. And from this, all of his dreams end because, the items are too expensive and mundane. At the end of the story there is an epiphany, which is the moment of revelation, to both the reader and the protagonist, because usually the epiphany is only recognisable to the reader. On the second from last paragraph at the end it says â€Å"complete darkness† signifying that all hope is gone. The whole of the last paragraph says â€Å"gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger†, this is the exact moment when he realises that all Dublin was in vain and all he did was in vain. He figures out from this that there actually is no love, no romance and no chivalry. ‘Araby’ by James Joyce. (2017, Aug 28). 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What Might Succession Be A Critical Point in the Development of the Essay

What Might Succession Be A Critical Point in the Development of the Family Owned-And-Managed SME - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the family-owned small and medium-sized enterprises are the commercial organization that is related by marriage or blood and resolution creation is entirely influenced by several family generations. It is believed to be the oldest system of business organization that has advantages of commitment to quality and focuses in long term. It is critical for understanding circumstances that leads to unhealthy and healthy family SME. The family-owned SME is considered as common and oldest model of economic business organization. There are a massive majority of companies from multinational listed and corner shop listed administrations that can be regarded as the family owned small and medium-sized enterprises. The five critical points that involve at the development of family businesses are social capital, human capital, patient financial capital, low cost of governance and survivability capital. The inner circle and human capital are considered as the first resource and the primary element. In the form of external relationships and networking, the valuable social capital has been brought by the family members. The threat of liquidation is lessened by effective family relationships with managers and investors. The firms have an opportunity to provide emergency loans and free labor for survivability capital of their family members. In perspective to infrastructure dimension, the strengths of family firms are innovative, informal, entrepreneurial and flexible. The organizational structure is believed to be effective and simple. This is primarily because the hierarchical position of family-owned SME is simple. Family members have the better understanding of each other. This enables to family businesses to expand globally. Most of the family-owned small and medium-sized enterprises are considered to have compact informal training. The mixture of younger and older individuals adds something new to the family business operation. The family members involved in SME are believed to be more committed to help a business grow and survive. The employee relations for family businesses are better.

Entrepreneural process paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneural process paper - Essay Example This therefore implies that every stage in the entrepreneur process is important for any business to succeed and entrepreneurs should have an understanding of the process before venturing in any business. Some stages in the process do appear to be more important than the other stages. The truth is that each phase is as important as other phases and that each phase must be completed in a systematic manner in order for the business venture to be a success. The first phase for implementation is identifying and evaluating a business opportunity. Secondly, the entrepreneur should develop a business plan then access the available resources to start the business and lastly manage the newly established business (Henry & De, 2011). Each of the phases is analyzed below in order of their importance. Identifying and evaluating a business opportunity The phase is also referred to as the business innovation model. This stage is viewed as the most important as no business venture can start without an idea. Identifying a opportunity is not that easy since an individual must analyze carefully identify an existing gap in the market (Baron & Shane, 2008). At this stage, you identify a need that exists and formulate a model on how best you can satisfy the need. Entrepreneurs should answer questions on the existing market by conducting a market research. You should analyze the audience that is likely to purchase the product. Thereafter, you should carefully screen the audience’s feedback on acceptance or rejection of the new product. In case an entrepreneur wishes to introduce an existing product, he or she should analyze the existing competition and the market penetration strategies may be adopted. Additionally, at the identification stage, one should determine he or she would need patent rights to protect his or her innovation (Baron & Shane, 2008). Completion of the identification of a business opportunity paves way for evaluation of the opportunity. This is the most impo rtant element in the whole entrepreneur process as it will enable the entrepreneur decide on whether to venture into the new business or abandon it. It enables him or her to compare the projected returns and the required resources for the investment (Kuratko, 2009). The evaluation process accesses the duration of the opportunity, its perceived and real value, the returns and risks associated, whether the venture fits the goals and skills of the entrepreneur as well as its uniqueness in creating a competitive advantage in the competitive environment. The estimated market size and the duration in which the opportunity may exist provide the basis of accessing the rewards and risks. The risk reflects the capital employed, the market, technology and the competition involved. The capital required is often used as the basis for evaluating the returns and risks (Fayolle, 2007). A viable business opportunity should promise high returns than the amount of money invested and should have low ri sks. Additionally, it should be able to make higher returns in a short of time after establishment. The goals and personal skills of an entrepreneur should fit the opportunity. It is important that the entrepreneur dedicate his or her time and effort for the business to be a success. Although most people start a business and hope that the

CVS stops selling tobacco products Essay Example for Free

CVS stops selling tobacco products Essay Reason, declared Kant, is the source and ultimate basis for morality. Morality wholly rests in pure, innate reason and not in intuition, conscience, law, or utility. The standard of morality, therefore, is inherent in the human mind; it is definable only in terms of the mind; and it is derived from one’s innerself by direct perception (Cavico Mujtaba, 2013). According to Kant, in order to be moral, one has to be rational. â€Å"The right use of reason is directed to moral ends† (Cavico Mujtaba, 2009). A person has to think rationally, he or she does not have think only about self-interest. As a result of that, there is no place for such thing as Ethical Egoism. People should be treated with dignity and respect. Kant presumes that human beings are rational and can utilize reason (Cavico Mujtaba, 2009). Kant called the supreme ethical principles the Categorical Imperative. This principle is necessary element of human reason and foundation upon which rest all moral judgments (Cavico Mujtaba, 2013). Kant’s method has three parts of testing, which are used for identification whether or not an action is moral. No matter in what kind of situation a person can be, a rational individual performs an action because he or she has a moral obligation and duty. Application of Kantian Ethical Analysis The categorical Imperative is not a principle of action itself; instead, it ethically lays down the form a moral maxim must take. Thus, said Kant, reason indicates that a moral action must have a certain form. The ethics â€Å"test† is a formal test (Cavico Mujtaba, 2013). Literally, a person has to indicate whether his/her actions would be successful or would be considered as a self-destruction. In this case, the test will determine that situation with the company such CVS will be most likely successful. One of the main reasons that the company is doing this, is to show the public and competitors that it really cares about the health and well-being of its customers and the nation. By taking out all tobacco products from all CVS stores in the United States, the administration of the company who have main input in the way how the firm works, would really benefit. In general public might be surprised that CVS are going to aim on peoples health. In this kind of situation many th ings will change and increase in the business, things as trust and confidence would be maintained. So, action passes the  first test. The second test states that every person should be treated with dignity, respect and as a valuable and worthwhile entity (Cavico Mujtaba, 2009).This test involves by itself shareholders, employee, employer, consumers, and society as well. In this case some people have different point of view, some of them firmly believe that they have the right to buy any products they like or to do whatever they chose to do. There is an argument, which explains that it might be unethical for the company like CVS to make people uncomfortable for purchasing tobacco products. CVS does not show any respect for smokers. They feel themselves not welcomed. According to Kantian theory CVS should need to make sure that their clients feel comfortable and welcome in the drugstores, no matter what kind of products are sold. CVS has to analyze and think about customers themselves, not only about profits, even though that basically, the idea of having business is for income purpose. To conform with the Kantian views, the company like CVS which is one of the largest drugstore chains in the United States, should pay more attention for its prosperity, rather than a little aspect of the firm to have some profits. Kant assumes that people cannot take advantage of another person. Additionally, it also explains that people cannot act and do anything without full comprehension and permission of the person. An individual needs someones logical, intellectual, complete agreement for this to happen. In this situation, people can think differently. Some of them can support CVS for the idea of removing tobacco products from pharmacy place, because it is ethical and some of them firmly argue with this statement. Even though that the people deeply understand that the products they were purchasing have the risks for their health and very harmful for their organisms. According to this information, the second test will definitely fail. The third test is the agent-receiver test which asks whether a rational person would accept the action or rule regardless of whether he or she was the agent or the receiver of the action (Cavico Mujtaba, 2009). So, the main cost of this change would be a major loss in income. But people can lose their jobs, the managers and executives will feel decrease in salaries. Many employees may be in danger of losing a job. Moreover, the prices of shares of stocks will decrease, then shareholders  could be in danger of losing earnings. These are all the possible ways of banning all packs of cigarettes from CVS stores. Nevertheless, analytics of the company predicts that the benefits that CVS would get of trust and confidence would be worth the danger of losing profit. By stop selling tobacco products and removing all sweets from the drugstores as well, the firm would have to reassess how and in what kind of ways it can have its income. It will be very difficult to survive for the company, especially in the beginning of this change. It has a worse outcome than just minor loss in sales. The company would have a very negative effect from this and many people would not have a benefit as well. In this case, customers and employees would lose. Because of CVS stops selling cigarettes, as we mentioned above, many people will lose their potential jobs, therefore , the third test certainly will not pass. Only if the company will help their employees by giving them recommendation letters and providing with rà ©sumà ©/interview training, the third test might be considered as passed. But as long as, the action of CVS is going to be presented in October of this year. We still do not know whether they will help their employer or not. So, at this moment of time, this action is considered as not passed. Moral Conclusion Pursuant to Kantian Ethical Model An action is morally right if it has a certain form, and morally wrong if it does not have that form. The Form, the Categorical Imperative, is the first, supreme, fundamental principle in ethics. It is the form a moral action must have; it provides the ultimate standard by which one test can test action, rules, beliefs, and standards to determine if they are moral (Cavico Mujtaba, 2013). Based on Kant’s ethics, the action of CVS pharmacy about removing tobacco products from the stores can be considered moral, only if it passes the Categorical Imperative tests. Some type of questions must be considered such as, is this action only benefiting the company or others as well? How would CVS feel if others performed this action? If the firm rationalized its actions, they would be moral. First of all, if everyone takes the same action that took CVS, the world will become healthy. We will not see any more death as a result of tobacco products. CVS has always functioned very well with good ratings in customers service and with high earnings. Even with a ban of tobacco in October, the company is still  one of the leading pharmacies in the country. Nevertheless, this new plan may not make everyone in society happy. Some people, most likely smokers think that this ban is unfair and unethical, but managers and executives thought that it was the right step for the healthy future and for the business. As a result of this decision, the company will gain trust from its consumers, which will result in a more successful firm. In other words, smokers will not be treated equally with other people with respect and dignity, therefore the second test will fail. Overall, if CVS will take care of people who probably will lose their jobs, the third test can be considered as passed. Despite the problems with Kantian ethics, Kant’s very important accomplishment was to underscore, and to appreciate, people as free, rational, moral beings, with individuals rights and self-imp osed duties to respect others (Cavico Mujtaba, 2013). In conclusion, CVS’s incredible decision involves long term perspective and sacrifices. The administration of the company has a solid strategy of how to operate the company and all of the stores. With a great plan on operations, they are able to have a successful business. As long as, it is such a large company, these changes will be beneficial, even with some people against the stores, unless there is another major change to products in the near future.

Comparing Philosophies of Donnes To His Mistress and Herricks Corrina

Comparing Philosophies of Donne's To His Mistress and Herrick's Corrina Going A-Maying  Ã‚   The seventeenth century in England produced two varying schools of poetic philosophy which included the metaphysical and the cavalier. While the metaphysical poets, comprised of the artists who followed John Donne's use of the metaphysical conceit, tended to reinforce the traditional forms of love and devotion, the cavalier poets, led by Ben Johnson, intellectualized the themes of their poetry. Both metaphysical and cavalier poets such as John Donne and Robert Herrick experimented with poetry of seduction, dramatic verse from a male lover attempting to persuade his beloved. Although both poets attempt to incite their mistresses, the methods of persuasion in Donne's "To His Mistress Going to Bed" and Herrick's "Corrina's Going A-Maying" differ in accordance with their different schools of poetic thought. Whereas Donne employs a lustful attitude, derogatory diction, and metaphysical conceits to harshly command sexual activity; Herrick utilizes a more intellectual and sensitive argument with his religious undertones, persuasive and playful diction, and personification of nature. The variation between metaphysical and cavalier poetry can be seen through differences in Donne's and Herrick's attitudes towards their mistresses represented by varying structure, diction, imagery, and religious language. Although both "To His Mistress Going to Bed" and "Corrina's Going A-Maying" contain many imperative sentences, their structural differences reflect Donne's feeling of superiority in spite of Herrick's admiration for his mistress. Donne's simple aabb rhyme scheme indicates his feeling that his mistress either cannot understand or does not des... ...gently rebuking Corrina for her inactivity. Although both Donne and Herrick employ imperative structures, sensual imagery, religious language and allusions to persuade their respective mistresses, Donne's superiority complex debases his mistress while Herrick's reverent attitude cajoles. Donne cares very little about his mistress evidenced by the lack of her name throughout the poem which resembles an urgent appeal. Conversely, Herrick's five stanzas and elaborate metrical structure indicate a planned appeal. Donne's lustful and solely physical approach contrasts sharply with Herrick's intellectual ploy in a complimenting and gently rebuking manner. The variance in the approaches of the poets is characteristic of their respective schools of poetic thought and illustrates the differences in approaches to poems of seduction by the metaphysical and cavalier writers.

Power of Talk: Who Gets Heard and Why Essay

There is no particular way to communicate according the Deborah Tannen as communication is not just saying what you mean but how one communicates the meaning. Situation varies from one person to another. Language communicates ideas but a more powerful form of communication is social behavior . Language use is a learnt social behavior that allows us to negotiate relationships and it is influenced by cultural experience . How we talk and express ourselves may be interpreted differently in other cultures and members of the opposite gender . Deborah Tannen a linguist from Georgetown University did a research on the influence of linguistic style on conversations and human relationships and found that how we learn to speak as children affects our judgment of competence and confidence plus whether we get heard in a discussion later on in adulthood . She found that man and woman communicate differently and just like cross cultural communication, misunderstanding can occur. Women according to her research were often over looked when it came to opportunities for promotion because of their lack of self confidence as seen by their male bosses. But women, as Tannen proves have grown up in a different environment to their male colleagues and have learnt to communicate differently to men . This has sometimes been interpreted as being less competent and less confident . An understanding of these differences could lead to better and fairer working environment for both men and women . As children, girls and boys play differently. Girls are more likely to learn how to develop a sympathetic relationship with others and focus on common goals rather than differences. Girls tend to balances their needs with those of others to avoid seeming over confident or bossy . Boys are more likely to learn how to develop their status in society by playing in large groups of boys whose leadership roles are defined . They are likely to use language to communicate their needs and highlight their abilities rather than down grade them in an attempt to move up the leadership hierarchy . This social behavior is carried on into adulthood and into the wo rkplace resulting in both genders having different communication skills and expressing what they mean. â€Å"Men tend to be sensitive to the power dynamics of interaction, speaking in ways that position themselves as one up and resisting being put in a one-down position by others. Women tend to react more strongly to the rapport dynamic, speaking in ways that save face for others and buffering statements that could be seen as putting others in a one-down position.†. This means that women are more likely to down grade their ability and not want to seem as boastful whereas men are more likely to speak highly of their abilities by blowing their own horn . Humans have developed a conversation ritual that demands a certain type of response. Again, Men and women have quite diverse conversational rituals. Women tend to apologies more frequently to express concern and are likely to soften criticism to help the other person save face by being indirect in her feedback. They also ritually exchange compliment by taking the one-down position and expect the other person to understand the exchange ritual and pull them up again with compliments . Men on the other hand, avoid apologies because it puts them in a one-down position. They grew up looking for ways to put others down by criticizing and pushing themselves on top . So for a woman to engage in a compliment exchange with a man by taking the one down position, would find that he will not likely pull her up but rather pull her down further and provide an advice or criticism . This significant characteristic style can put women at a disadvantage in a workplace situation and be judged as lacking in confidence. It is therefore vital for people in management positions to understand the diverse communicative style of both men and women in order to take full advantage of talented staff. There is no one right way to communicate as communication depends on the situation, the culture and linguistic style of the people.

How Economic Development In A Country Affects Planning And Management In Urban Areas

With reference to examples, discuss the degree to which the level od economic development in country affects planning and management in urban areas. The type of urban problems that require careful planning and management are largely decided by the economic wealth of a countryside. LEDC countries have problems with rapid urbanisation into the cities. However, on the other hand the problems that MEDC countries face include; suburbanisation, counter urbanisation. Urbanisation is the process in which people move to the city and start to make a home there.This is mainly happening in LEDC countries due to the lack of work in the countryside. People flood to the cities to try and find employment. Suburbanisation is the way that people move out from the central business district and out into the rural urban fringe, this mainly occurred in MEDC countries after industrialization; people had got more spare money and transport allowed them to move away from the centre of the city to the large ho uses in the suburbs. Finally, counter urbanisation is the move that people make completely away from the city and into the rural landscape.Happening primarily in the richer countries where people aspire to be away from the stress of the city when they are not working and move into the countryside. Each of these processes have their own problems that require the careful management mentioned above. Urbanisation can cause a lot of problems. When there are such a large number of people moving into the city there are not enough houses to accommodate them all. In many cases the pull factor towards the city is the prospect of work and this is not always possible.The situation that then occurs it that you have a lot of people moved to the city without any work or housing; so, they simply build their own cheap homes on the side of the main city called a slum. These slums can prevent easy excess in and out of the city; but, not only this because way that the houses are built there are no prop er facilities for the people in the slum. Disease is often a consequence of poor sanitation and crime can pervade in these areas because of the high unemployment and lack of money. It is for the benefit for everyone that  these slums are redeveloped into proper housing and sanitation.A example of how urban area need to be managed. Rocinha is the largest favela in Brazil, and is located in Rio de Janeiro's South Zone between the districts of Sao Conrado and Gavea. Rocinha is built on a steep hillside overlooking Rio de Janeiro, and is located about one kilometre from a nearby beach. Most of the favela is on a very steep hill, with many trees surrounding it. 69,161 people live in Rocinha. The authorities in Rio de Janeiro have taken a number of steps to reduce problems in favelas.They have set up self-help schemes; this is when the local authority provide local residents with the materials needs to construct permanent accommodation. This includes breeze blocks and cement. The Local residents provide the labour. The money saved can be spent on providing basic amenities such as electricity and water. Today, almost all the houses in Rocinha are made from concrete and brick. Some buildings are three and four stories tall and almost all houses have basic sanitation, plumbing, and electricity. Compared to simple shanty towns or slums, Rocinha has a better developed infrastructure.The favela also has a cable car to promote easy movement around the favela and into the main city. This was a government lead initiative. This is not the only one way that slums can be redeveloped. Government lead slum clearance is where land is bought under the residents and redeveloped into better accommodation. The other option is for the people of the slum redeveloping their own house individually making the whole area look better. The decision for which of these management options is the best is something that is decided at government level.Slums that are in a extremely bad situation a re likely to be tackled with slum clearance as it is the quickest method. Conversely, in MEDC countries slums are not such a problem because urbanisation happened many years ago after industrialisation and the country has moved on economically. The problem here is suburbanisation. The people who can move away from the central business district because it is loud and polluted but it left the unfortunate people who could not afford to move out in the CBD. This can lead to a state of urban decline.If there is a high percentage of council owned buildings the resident feel like they do not need to look after the environment because it is not their problem, graffiti and littering is a result of not caring. The situation from here can just get worse and worse and crime rates goes up and empty buildings are left unused. This process is not something that just occurs with the residents of an area, if all the people move out to the suburbs of a district the shops and facilities will either go out of business or the will soon follow into the suburbs.This does not help the process of urban decline as it means that more local people are made unemployed. A good example of where this has happened is the development of Mary hill shopping park in the west Midlands. Mary Hill has had to face the complaints of the businesses in the local centres of Solihull and Birmingham. Business have had to drive down prices to be competitive with the shopping centre with is not good for the economics of the area. Management of urban decline can be tackled in three ways. Property lead redevelopment, partnership schemes and gentrification.Property lead redevelopment is when the government decide to redevelop a area a invest large amount of money are on a large scale. A good example of where this has helped to bring a urban area out of decline is in Cardiff. Cardiff bay was a declining area when the loss of industry in the 1970s left a lot of people in unemployment and poverty. 3000 new homes w ere created, 1200 new jobs were created along with a new glass factory and water front. The area now has 2. 1 million visitors a year. Partnership schemes help the community rebuild a declining area such as in Hulme in Manchester.City challenge and the local people worked together to redevelop the area. The government provided ?37. 5 million for this to happen. For some people being on the edge of the city is still too much stress and decide to move completely away to the rural villages that surround big cities. This process of counter urbanisation can cause problems of their own. Rural villages are in danger of becoming places that people go to sleep. People still work in the cities and commute from their rural location every day. The local shops are no longer used because the supermarkets on the way out of the city from are not only more convenient but cheaper.The community feeling if the village is lost and the reason that people thought they were moving to the countryside for is no longer valid. Again this forces the closer of shops and local facilities. These places can also fall into a state of decline To conclude. Economic development and urban management and planning are directly linked. On the surface it seems like MEDC counties have more problems to deal with (sub urbanisation and counter urbanisation) whereas LEDC countries only have the problem of urbanisation.However, I believe that urbanisation is greater problem that requires more careful management than other problems may require. Furthermore, the level of economic development within a country may effects the ability of the country to manage these urban issues; the planning a management strategies adopted in a country will be affected by this. In poorer countries emphasis may be placed on self-help schemes or partnerships scheme that require less money from the government. On the other hand, richer governments may choose to head redevelopment projects themselves

Human Trafficking Along The US Borders Essay

Human Trafficking Along The US Borders Essay Human Trafficking Along The United States Borders Essay Human Trafficking Along The United States Borders Essay Human trafficking, also referred to as trafficking in persons, is one of the most heinous and reprehensible crimes that can be committed in the modern world. According to Tiano, Murphy-Aguilar and Bigej, human trafficking is the third largest enterprise in the world; it is surpassed only by the illegal drug and weapons trade. In its worst manifestations, trafficking in persons is akin to slavery. A typical victim of human trafficking is a person who pays a huge sum of money to be illegally smuggled into the United States, but ends up in the thrall of villainous traffickers. The Critical Analysis of Human Trafficking Along U.S.-Mexico Border Both U.S. and international law define human trafficking as encompassing two separate forms of criminal activity, namely forced labor and sexual exploitation. Indeed, most victims of human trafficking are enticed into involuntary labor, prostitution and other forms of servitude against their will. As appalling as it sounds, children and adolescents who have not attained the age of majority also fall prey to traffickers. Projecting these findings onto the case of human trafficking along the American borders, it seems logical to note that the Mexico-United States border is the most vulnerable. Yet, there have been occasional reports of sustained upsurges in human trafficking activities along the Canada-United States border. Similarly, human trafficking poses a perplexing conundrum to customs officers guarding the Cuba-United States maritime boundaries. The present paper will focus mainly on trafficking in persons along the Mexico-United States border, providing economic, legal, and soc ial analysis behind this multibillion-dollar enterprise. General Background to the Problem According to the generally accepted definition, â€Å"human trafficking is the involuntary transport of men, women and children within and across national borders for purposes of exploitation, extortion, and other kinds of victimization†. It is also necessary to note at the outset that human trafficking should not be mistaken with human smuggling. As Tiano, Murphy-Aguilar and Bigej put it, human trafficking is always coercive and is grounded on deception. Nevertheless, there are some other reasons behind voluntary character underlying human trafficking. In case of Mexico, for instance, human trafficking is rooted in violence, inequality, and extreme poverty. In other words, Mexico is teeming with socioeconomic problems and many people leave their families behind to find a better life in the U.S. Coyotes, a slang term for people who illegally smuggle desperate Mexicans into the U.S., often take advantage of those fleeing adverse socioeconomic situation in Mexico and other impov erished Central American nations. Indeed, Central American refugees often stray over the border with Mexico just to fall into the clutches of human traffickers. In the long run, they all end up in indentured servitude. By the same token, it is not a rarity that bona fide tourists become victims of human trafficking. Although the dimensions of human trafficking remain unclear, it is believed that traffickers smuggle no less than 18,000 people into the U.S. annually . According to Staudt, Payan and Kruszewski, It is not clear what portion of the estimated 12 million unauthorized persons living in the United States fall victim to human trafficking. Government estimates of human trafficking have varied widely in the last decade, with recent figures far lower than earlier estimates. In 2000, the U.S. government estimated that 45,000 to 50,000 women and children alone were trafficked into the country annually. After 2004, however, government figures dropped to between 14,500 and 17,500. The government attributes the large difference between the 2000 and 2004 estimates to improvement in its methodology for calculating the flow of trafficking victims and not to an actual reduction in the rate of victimization. However, the methodology used by the government has its quirks. Many cases of human trafficking, especially instances of labor exploitation and indentured servitude, receive little government attention or go unreported altogether. The rationale behind this deplorable negligence is that human trafficking is more commonly associated with sexual slavery rather than other criminal activities. Yet, there is no gainsaying the fact that human trafficking is a multifaceted phenomenon. Oftentimes, victims are abused into submission, both emotionally and physically, through intimidation, starvation, forced drug use, confinement, etc. Factors that Attend and Contribute to the Problem Many people do not realize the enormity of the problem when they hear about human trafficking, and it is not surprising. In the age of progressive international organizations and overarching human-rights policies, human trafficking should be a hypothetical problem at best. Yet, the new trends in global economy are in fact also responsible for trafficking in persons. Under the current circumstances, both legal and illegal entrepreneurs can derive substantial benefits from huge flows of goods, services, people and capital across national boundaries. Mercantilist values prevalent in the modern society pressure individuals to attain financial stability. When taken too far, people grow excessively commercial and voyeuristic. Often, people attempt to enrich themselves at the expense of others. As a rule, those who have already been hit by poverty are the ones who suffer from the scourge of human trafficking. In Mexico, approximately 40% of people live in squalid conditions and are, thus, v ulnerable to dishonest traffickers. Domestic human trafficking in Mexico is a chronic dilemma for the government, but it is incomparable in scale to cross-border trafficking in persons. Sustained levels of international migration are also inimical to the resolution of the problem. As a rule, Mexican men migrate to the U.S. more often than Mexican women do. However, there has been an increase in the number of Mexican females willing to reunite with their husbands living currently in the U.S., thereby keeping families intact. Likewise, many Mexican women try to penetrate into the US in response to the changing market demands for labor in the neighboring country. Just like it is commonplace to see people collapsing from hunger in the streets of Mexican towns, it is commonplace for Mexican women bound for the U.S. to bring along their children. Naturally, children and women are among the most vulnerable groups of population, and traffickers willingly take advantage of their weaknesses. Therefore, it is safe to say that new shifts in regional migration also contribute to the flourishing of trafficking along the Mexico-United States border. Undoubtedly, poverty in Mexico and new tendencies in regional migration are not the only factors that encourage human trafficking. The U.S. is also accountable for the problem. It has focused its efforts on sealing off the border rather than improving interior enforcement. Undoubtedly, it is a good idea to reinforce the cordon sanitaire around the problem area, but its effectiveness is limited. After all, many people do not know that they will be exploited until they cross the border and, thus, cooperate with traffickers. As a result, it is difficult for a customs officer to tell who is a crook and who is not. At the same time, the failure of the authorities to do something about lax enforcement in the U.S. contributes to higher rates of trafficking in persons. On the other side of the border, law enforcement agencies are so lathered with corruption that traffickers can easily bribe or otherwise suborn the policy and continue their venal activities with impunity. Finally, the advance of the Internet has had an impact on human trafficking along the U.S.-Mexico border as well. Sex industry colossi use the Web to disseminate their pornographic contents, thereby reinvigorating demand for the sexual exploitation of females. The Internet has given a powerful fillip to the development of sex tourism in Mexico. There are many websites offering services of Mexican â€Å"comfort houses†, a euphemism for brothels. Such facilities are usually located in popular tourist destinations in the vicinity of the Mexico-United States border. Obviously, there are some other factors whose contribution to the high incidence of human trafficking is not as significant, but they are mentioned throughout the paper nevertheless. Below is a point-by-point analysis of the most salient forms of human trafficking. Labor Exploitation The woes and grievances that undocumented workers encounter in the U.S. have been cited and repeated so often that they have already taken on the aura of conventional wisdom. There is nothing surprising about this disgraceful state of affairs, for the persistent influx of illegal immigrants contributes to the development of a pestilential environment of abuse and vulnerability. It is a matter of fact that crime flourishes wherever the law does not reign supreme. The inability of the federal government to tackle the illegal alien dilemma perpetuates a baleful environment wherein exploitation runs riot. Apparently, illegal migrants are incapable of overcoming their desperate plight singlehandedly. As a corollary of this, undocumented workers from Central America coming to the US through Mexico become victims of labor exploitation. Illegal immigrants endure unfair treatment because they fear their overlords. Such people are lured with pompous promises of well-paid jobs and decent life, but end up in domestic servitude or at sweatshop factories. Among the most salient factors that contribute to the prevalence of labor exploitation along the U.S.-Mexico border are a lack of access on the part of trafficked people to legal protection, limited language skills, poverty-related debts, etc. Moreover, victims of labor exploitation are often exposed to prolonged ostracism. It is proverbial that they are frequently victimized by traffickers from the same ethnic or national extraction. It would be wise to mention several cases of labor exploitation that happened in the US over the course of the last few years. For example, in May 2008, a couple from Miami was charged with forcing a 14-year-old girl from Haiti into domestic servitude. The girl worked for 16 hours a day without respite, did not attend school, and was constantly beaten. Sometimes, traffickers let loose their corrupt imagination, coercing their victims into doing various perverted things. Thus, in another case dated of January 2008, Elizabeth Jackson from Tucson, Washington, pled guilty to forced labor. She had virtually enslaved a girl from the Philippines, compelling her to work for 18 hours a day, sleeping on a dog basket and eating mildewed food. Apart from those two instances, the annals of the American legal history bristle with similar labor exploitation issues. On the whole, the fact that labor exploitation continues unabated demonstrates the flawed character of the system of immigration enforc ement in the US. Sex Trafficking Women of Asian and Latin American origin alike are lured to the shores of the United States by individuals promising well-paid jobs in restaurants, bars, modeling, and domestic services. However, as it often turns out, those promises remain unfulfilled. Women fall victim to human traffickers. As a result, they are exposed to sexual and physical violence as well as suffer extreme emotional exploitation. Traffickers also encroach upon their fundamental human rights, such as the right to dignity and the right to liberty. Human trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation has deleterious consequences on both sides of the Mexico-United States border. Thus, according to the most conservative estimates, â€Å"Mexico sees 800,000 adults and 20,000 children trafficked for sexual exploitation each year†. Many of these victims are trafficked into the U.S. at one point or another. On the other side of the border, the situation may be even more sorrowful. Due to the high level of im punity for sexual exploitation of illegal immigrants, the exact numbers of victims are hard to tell. Estimates vary widely from one agency to another, but it is believed that no less than 300,000 children become victims of sex trafficking on American soil each year. Examples of cases against sex traffickers abound. In August 2008, several American citizens who had a massage parlor were found guilty of running a prostitution ring and recruiting women of Chinese descent. The latter worked seven days a week and were prohibited from leaving the parlor. The defendants were pled guilty to human trafficking and forced to forfeit money gained from their illicit venture. However, sex trafficking schemes are usually perpetrated on a larger basis. Thus, in 2002, the police uncovered a den in San Diego that employed 30 prostitutes. They raided it and found 15 undocumented Mexican women, who were later deported. Yet, as it often happens, women were afraid to testify and the organizers of the trafficking ring were not arrested. Similar patterns of sex trafficking have been observed domestically in Mexico and along its northern border with the United States. Sex Tourism According to Howard Hughes, sex tourism is often thought of as travel which occurs with the prime purpose of having sexual encounter whilst away, usually in a country with greater tolerance of prostitution. Mexico has traditionally been both a perfect breeding ground for sex tourism and an ideal destination for prurient tourists. Sex tourism has the heaviest toll on children. Mexico’s feeble legal system combined with the ready availability of girls beckons men from both the U.S. and Canada. It should be mentioned that for a long time, salacious Americans looked for sex in countries of South East Asia, with Thailand being one of the most attractive destinations. However, after local governments had started adopting tougher stances on sex crimes and organizing crackdowns on illicit prostitution rings, North Americans riveted their attention on Mexico and some other Latin American states for the sexual abuse of children. It is not accidental that the word â€Å"children† is used in this context. Indeed, sex tourists arrive in Mexico in droves for the sexual abuse of girls and boys alike. It is practically impossible to tell with pinpoint accuracy the exact figures of tourists coming to Mexico from the U.S. with the purpose of having sex with underage children. Yet, it is believed that roughly 20,000 children are sexually exploited in such Mexican cities as Acapulco, Cancun, Juarez, Tijuana and Tapachula. Even the fact that there is an extradition treaty between Mexico and the U.S.in place does not discourage sex tourists. It is unlikely that things will change in the nearest future because sex tourism is hard to tackle. Meanwhile, traffickers will continue to reap tangible benefits from the suffering of the unfortunate victims. Illegal Adoptions and Organ Trafficking Whereas adolescents and young women are usually trafficked to be engaged in labor and sexual exploitation, children are usually kidnapped for adoption. Undoubtedly, children also become victims of sexual abuse, as it was mentioned above. According to Troubmikoff, the United States is the main destination for â€Å"young children kidnapped and trafficked for adoption by childless couples† unwilling to navigate through the dense thickets of bureaucracy to adopt a child in compliance with the legitimate procedures. Sometimes people are so anxious to buy a child that they pay money to trafficking rings in advance. Traffickers organize clandestine meetings in Mexican border cities with potential buyers seeking children. The problem is very pressing and all efforts to address it have been stillborn so far. Although the police uncover child trafficking rings from time to time, the overall statistics remain unfavorable. Perhaps, organ trafficking is the most gruesome type of human trafficking practiced along the American borders. Indeed, trafficking in human organs along the Mexico-United States border is a complicated issue. However, the magnitude of this problem has not been established because there is a paucity of concrete evidence. Still, it seems logical to assume that the problem is not simply a hoax. In the U.S., where selling organs is prohibited, there are 95,000 people on the waiting list for a kidney. Considering that a kidney can cost as much as $150,000, it is not surprising that organ hawking has become such an alluring market. Human trafficking gangs abduct, seduce, or otherwise catch women just to disembowel them and transport their organs to customers across the border. According to the official statistics, between 1993 and 2009, nearly 600 girls and women were slain in the Mexican city of Juarez, which abuts on the border with the United States. The complicity of trafficking rings that harvest organs and sell them in the murders is evident. Responses to Human Trafficking The Washington government has been on the prowl to find an imaginative solution to the long-standing problem of human trafficking for many consecutive years. The biggest problem of the current immigration system is that it punishes immigrants, i.e. hapless victims of human trafficking, instead of those who profit from them. The U.S. needs to switch to internal enforcement rather than focus solely on border control. By the same token, it is imperative that the country should overhaul social security system and ensure that all workers, regardless of their origin, are afforded proper working conditions, equal labor rights, and fair wages. Provided that these critical steps are taken in the nearest future, the whole American society will be better off. Apparently, the U.S. senior leadership understands all this very well, but those actions may be easier said than done. It is incumbent on the Mexican authorities to take all the necessary measures to stem the problem on that side of the bo rder. Overall, a bi-national task force is needed to put an end to trafficking in persons along the Mexico-United States border. It was not until 2000, when â€Å"President Clinton signed into law the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act, that the fight against human trafficking in the United States began in earnest†. Later on, both George W. Bush and Barack Obama gave a stamp of approval to the Protect Act. The goal of the act is to extend protection to the victims of human trafficking within the borders of the country. The Protect Act, inter alia, provides law enforcement agents with more flexibility, imposes harsher penalties on American residents involved in sex tourism and other forms of commercial sex with human trafficking victims, and guarantees greater protection to the latter. What is more important, it established President’s Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking and the Department of State’s Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. The two initiatives have been the linchpin of America’s fight against human trafficking ever since. The United States Department of Homeland Security also plays a critical role in combating human trafficking. In consistence with the provisions of the Protect Act, it pursues the so-called 3P-strategy. Under this strategy, it protects victims, persecutes traffickers, and prevents the exacerbation of the problem. U.S. Customs and Border Protection, hereinafter referred to as CBP, guards almost 12,000 kilometers of land border and 330 ports of entry. Of those 12,000 kilometers 3,145 separate the United States from Mexico. Yet, even those immense resources have not been enough to disrupt human trafficking along the border. Perhaps, CBP and its sister agencies use wrong strategies. Many people like to saddle the responsibility for the persistently high rates of human trafficking on the Mexican part alone. Indeed, the roots of the problem go to Mexico and its southern neighbors, but it would not be fair to say that anti-trafficking efforts lie dormant in these countries. According to Cawley, Mexico has not been blind to the problem. The country passed its first federal law targeting human trafficking in November 2007, and legislation has since continued to emerge. By 2012, 23 states had laws specifically targeting trafficking and in June 2012, the country passed a new, more comprehensive law to combat the crime. This general law requires compliance from all levels of government, widens the scope of crimes considered human trafficking, establishes prison sentences up to 40 years for related crimes and provides for increased inter-agency coordination, says the ONC. Mexico’s efforts to stop trafficking in persons have not brought a rich harvest of results because of the chronic corruption and other concomitant problems. However, America’s handling of the problem has not been much better. In March 2013, President Obama reauthorized the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008. The move has gained the implacable opposition of many experts because it resulted in the potentially calamitous surge of minors into the U.S. The present paper has shown that trafficking in persons along the Mexico-United States border is a very nettlesome problem. There are five forms of human trafficking in this region, namely labor exploitation, sex trafficking, sex tourism, illegal adoptions, and organ trafficking. Both males and females can fall into the clutches of traffickers, but girls and women constitute the most vulnerable group. Mexico serves as both a source of and an entrepà ´t for people for trafficking because of it sordid poverty and noisome corruption. Indeed, the scourge of human trafficking is devastating poverty-ridden societies and Central America is very poor. The promises of decent jobs and better life used by traffickers to lure victims have led to a stampede to the US. The rising rates of trafficking in persons along the border have also been attributed to new tendencies in global economic development and new shifts in regional migration. Both Mexico and the United States have adopted a plethora of bills to combat trafficking in persons. However, many of them are ineffective and need to be relegated to the dust of official pigeonholes. The main problem of the U.S. is that it focuses on border control and disregards internal enforcement, while the Mexican efforts to do anything about the problem have been halted and confused. The latter needs to lance the boil of corruption first to be able to deter human trafficking. Most importantly, the two countries need to marshal every fiber and force at their disposal to resolve the problem. It will take time because there are no painless solutions to such deep-seated issues. Hopefully, the two countries will not remain oblivious to what happens to the hapless victims of human trafficking.

Describe denver art museum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Describe denver art museum - Essay Example Since then it undergone several changes, and had different temporary locations. It was transformed in the form of a museum in 1949. The museum shifted to its present location in 1971. At present, the museum has 356,000-square-foot museum complex which includes collection gallery space, three temporary exhibition venues, and the Lewis I. Sharp Auditorium. Apart from art collections, the Denver Art Museum is internationally recognized for its family-friendly environment (Denver Art Museum: History). (Denver Art Museum: Asian Art- Hayagriva mandala, monk-artists of Seraje Monastic University, India) Hayagriva mandala is one of the major paintings kept in the Asian art section in the Denver art museum. The above painting is a Tibetan art which represents the universe and its powers. This painting has been portrayed by three Tibetan monks in 1996 and it took around two weeks time for them to complete it. This painting is done with the help of sands painted in different colors and hence it is called sand mandala. Normally sand mandalas were painted for rituals and it may not be displayed to the normal public. However, the above sand mandala is one of the few of that kind which is preserved for permanent viewing.    (Denver Art Museum: American Indian art- Shuffle Off to Buffalo Five, Harry Fonseca) Shuffle Off to Buffalo Five is a painting by Harry Fonseca which is kept in the American Indian art department of Denver art museum.... (Denver Art Museum: Asian Art-Shinto Deity) The sculpture is dressed in court attire with a hat in the head. Shinto arts are normally not visible to the public since it is used for the worshipping purposes only by the devotees. In other words, the sculpture of Shinto deity kept at Denver art museum is one of the rarest one which is displayed publicly. To conclude, Denver Art Museum is a place which is useful not only for student, but also for art lovers. It gives us the opportunity to watch some of the rarest paintings, sculptures and art forms of different regions and countries. Works Cited 1. â€Å"Denver Art Museum†. Web. 12 February 2011.

The role of Science and Non renewable energy PowerPoint Presentation

The role of Science and Non renewable energy - PowerPoint Presentation Example The Alaskan National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) has been among the world’s great wildlife areas. The area was considered as one of the worlds’ remaining wildlife and wilderness frontiers because of its variety in vegetation and topography. The area has proved to be significant ecological dependability as it provides critical habitats for many world species including but limited to porcupine, caribou and polar bears. Despite this, the area is found in the Alaskan land where oil and gas is available for exploration and other development activities. This area has been the bone of contention since it also functions as the habitat for some of the world threatened wildlife species (Staudinger, 2002). As for the case of oil exploration in this area, scientist have stood their ground in opposing the commissioning of the oil and gas exploration project despite the forces from various divides such as political, economical and even social. In order to back their opposition for the oil and gas exploration, scientists argued that, cumulative biological penalties that comprises, blocking, deflecting or troubling wildlife, loss of subsistence hunting grounds, contamination of water and soil from oil spillage, alteration of the drainage system which results into changes in the vegetation cover, increased predation by fox, ravens and gulls on nesting bird because of the food availability from garbage introduced would be the results (Yankelovich, 2011). Despite the fact that exploration takes place during the winter season when most of the common wildlife such as caribou and birds are absent, other species such as muskoxen and polar bears that remain in the area are likely to be affected. The active tundra plant life will also be impacted negatively. During exploration, large rivers are used for gravel removal and transportation corridors. This will lead into disturbances and displacements, exposure to predators and reduced calf production by the females and general su rvival of these animals. A part from winter exploration, year round affects seasonal migrant bird species and wild animals that comes to nest and calve in this region respectively (Yankelovich, 2011). For a long time, controversy as regards the development of this area has been directed on the possible impacts on the biological resources. It is worth noting that in case development is commissioned, impacts on the physical environment and resources e.g. water, air and land would be realized. So far, the areas’ physical environment has been described as conducive since most of it is not occupied or affected by human activities. This would mean that any development and oil or gas exploration activity in this area will result into emission of pollutants into the air. Industrial and domestic wastes resulting from exploration and development sites will need proper disposal. In case of improper disposal of these wastes, clarity on the individual or cumulative environmental effects o f this alteration will be missing (Staudinger, 2002). On an ecological perspective, Yankelovich (2011), the area is said to be sensitive to the harsh climate on the Alaskan plains. It is quite clear that the plain will be disrupted by any slight attempt to explore oil and gas in the region. The disruption